The Potential of Game-based Micro-learning Resources for Engaging Learners with Intercultural Competence Development
Abstract
This article discusses the potential of the application of interactive micro-learning content that aims to develop intercultural competences in the workplace, focusing on the pedagogically-informed design of playful interactive learning resources for engaging learners with topics related to cultural risks. Eight topics were identified through our engagement with 154 personnel from multicultural organisations across five European countries, including cross-cultural awareness, stereotypes, and communication. A competence map was then developed, articulating the specific aspects of these topics, which informed online content development. Findings from the evaluation of the online educational materials across the five countries (n=223 participants) suggest the significance and relevance of the topics in the workplace and the value of using playful micro-resources for delivering topics that were deemed less attractive.
References
Adamczyk M. (2017). The importance of cultural differences in international business. Central European Review of Economics and Management, 1(2), 51-170. doi:10.29015/cerem.336
https://doi.org/10.29015/cerem.335
Ahmed, T., Mouratidis, H., & Preston, D. (2009). Website design guidelines: high power distance and high context culture. International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, 2(1), 47-60. doi:10.1179/016146210X12790095563020
https://doi.org/10.1179/016146210X12790095563020
Allievi, S. (2013). Immigration and cultural pluralism in Italy: Multiculturalism as a Missing Model. Italian Culture, 28, 85-103.
https://doi.org/10.1179/016146210X12790095563020
Alqurashi, E. (2017). Micro-learning: A pedagogical approach for technology integration. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 942-927.
Anglim, J., Sojo, V., Ashford, L. J., Newman, A., & Marty, A. (2019). Predicting employee attitudes to workplace diversity from personality, values, and cognitive ability. Journal of Research Personality, 83, 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103865
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103865
Arasaratnam, L. A., & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29 (2), 137-163. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.04.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.04.001
Arnab S., Lim T., Carvalho M. B., Bellotti F., de Freitas S., Louchart S., Suttie N., Berta R., & De Gloria A. (2015). Mapping learning and game mechanics for serious games analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46, 391-411.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12113
Arnab, S., & Clarke, S. (2017). Towards a trans-disciplinary methodology for a game-based intervention development process. British Journal of Educational Technology, 48, 279-312.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12377
Arnab, S., Walaszczyk, L., Lewis, M., Kernaghan-Andrews, S., Masters, A., Calderwood, J., Clarke, S., & Loizou, M. (2020). Designing mini-games for micro-learning: Open educational resources on cultural risks in multicultural organisations. In Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Game Based Learning, 20, 21-30. Academic Conferences International Limited. doi: 10.34190/GBL.20.013
https://doi.org/10.34190/GBL.20.013
Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E. J., & Daus, C. S. (2002). Diversity and emotion: The new frontiers in organisational behavioral research. Journal of Management, 28, 307-338. doi:10.1177/014920630202800304
https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800304
Bennett M.J. (2009). Defining, measuring, and facilitating intercultural learning: a conceptual introduction to the Intercultural Education double supplement. Intercultural Education, 20, p.S1. doi:10.1080/14675980903370763
https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980903370763
Brands-Kehre, I. (2014). Kulturas ministrijas organizeta mazakumtautibu foruma rezolucija.
Bussotti, L. (2017). The italian way to intercultural education: Innovation and resistance. Foro de Educación, 15 (23), 43-68. doi:10.14516/fde.556
https://doi.org/10.14516/fde.556
Chapman R, Martin C, & Smith T. (2014). Evaluation of staff cultural awareness before and after attending cultural awareness training in an Australian emergency department. International Emergency Nursing, 22, 179-184. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2013.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2013.11.001
Chmielewska-Muciek, D. (2017). Diagnosis of communication context in companies. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, 51(3), 7-15. doi:10.17951/h.2017.51.3.7
https://doi.org/10.17951/h.2017.51.3.7
Clemens, B., Cornelius, J., & Kammerhoff, J. (2015). Cross-cultural differences in the attitude toward applicants' faking in job interviews. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31, 65-85. doi:10.1007/s10869-015-9407-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-015-9407-8
Czaińska, K. (2017). Wielokulturowe zasoby ludzkie jako podmiot strategii marketingowych małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach. Seria: Administracja i Zarządzanie, 40(113), 61-70
Daugeliene R., Greblikaite J., Kurowska-Pysz J., & Sroka W. (2016). Cultural integration and cross-cultural management challenges in the central European countries: Lithuania and Poland. European Integration Studies, 10/2016, 29-43. doi:10.5755/j01.eis.0.10.16281
https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.10.16281
Dębczyńska A. (2017). Cultural differences and Polish-Chinese business relations in practice. journal of corporate responsibility and leadership. The Challenges of Contemporary Management in the Global Economy, 4(2), 8-24. doi:10.12775/JCRL.2017.007
https://doi.org/10.12775/JCRL.2017.007
Fitzsimmons, S. (2013). Multicultural employees: A framework for understanding how they contribute to organisations. Academy of Management Review, 38, 525-554. doi:10.5465/amr.2011.0234
https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0234
Fritz, W., Mollenberg, A., & Chen G. M. (2002). Measuring intercultural sensitivity in different cultural context. Intercultural Communication Studies, 11(2), 165-176
Gaucher, D., Friesen, J., & Kay, A. C. (2011). Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 109-128. doi:10.1037/a0022530
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022530
Giurgiu, L. (2017). Micro-learning an evolving elearning trend. Buletinul Ştiinţific Al Academiei Trupelor De Uscat, 22(1), 18-23. doi:10.1515/bsaft-2017-0003
https://doi.org/10.1515/bsaft-2017-0003
Hanovs, D. (2016). Can postcolonial theory help explain Latvian politics of integration? Reflections on contemporary Latvia as a postcolonial society. Journal of Baltic Studies, 47(1), 133-153. doi:10.1080/01629778.2015.110351
https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2015.1103513
Heinz, K. (2014). Multicultural team conflict management. Securitologia, 1/2014, 117-128. doi:10.5604/18984509.1129727
https://doi.org/10.5604/18984509.1129727
Hierdeis, H. (2007). From Meno to Micro-learning: A Historical Survey, Hug, Th. (Ed.), Didactics of Micro-learning. Concepts, Discourses and Examples, Münster, Germany: Waxmann, 35-52.
Hunicke, R., LeBlanc, M., & Zubek, R. (2004). MDA: A Formal Approach to Game Design and Game Research. Proceedings of the Challenges in Game AI Workshop, Nineteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
Hussain, S. (2018). Managing Communication Challenges in Multicultural Organisations. Conference: Innovations and Sustainable Growth in Business Management: Opportunities and Challenges, Manuu, India, doi:10.20431/2454-9479.0402005
https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-9479.0402005
Jones, K. P., Peddie, C. I., Gilrane, V. L., King, E. B., & Gray, A. L. (2016). Not so subtle: a meta-analytic investigation of the correlates of subtle and overt discrimination. Journal of Management, 42(6), 1588-1613. doi:10.1177/0149206313506466
https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313506466
Kapp, K. M., & Defelice, R. M. (2019). Micro-learning: Short and Sweet. Alexandria: ATD Press.
Korzilius, H., Bücker, J. J. L. E., & Beerlage, S. (2017). Multiculturalism and innovative work behaviour: The mediating role of cultural intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 56, 13-24. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.11.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.11.001
Kostrzyńska, A. (2018). Wielokulturowość w biznesie i organizacji. Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://eksport.pl/2018/02/23/wielokulturowosc-biznesie-organizacji/
Kurteš, S., Larina, T., & Ozyumenko, V. (2017). Constructivist approach to intercultural communication teaching and learning. EDULEARN17 Proceedings, 591-597, IATED.
https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.1127
Lane, S. R., & Flowers, T. D. (2015). Salary inequity in social work: a review of the knowledge and call to action. Affilia, 30(3), 363-379. doi:10.21125/edulearn.2017.1127
https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.1127
Laycock, M. (2014). Risk Management at The Top: A Guide to Risk and its Governance in Financial Institutions. Willey.
Lee, Y., Howe, M., & Kreiser, P. M. (2019). Organisational culture and entrepreneurial orientation: An orthogonal perspective of individualism and collectivism. International Small Business Journal, 37(2), 125-152. doi:10.1177/0266242618809507
https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242618809507
Mason, J. L. (1995), Cultural Competence Self-Assessment Questionnaire. A Manual for Users, Portland State University.
Masulis, R. W., Wang, C., & Xie, F. (2012). Globalising the boardroom-the effects of foreign directors on corporate governance and firm performance. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 53, 527-554. doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2011.12.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2011.12.003
Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. C. (2013). Assessing cross-cultural competence: A review of available tests. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(6), 849-873. doi:10.1177/0022022113492891
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113492891
Mayer, R., Moreno, R., Boire, M., & Vagge, S. (1999). Maximising constructivist learning from multimedia communications by minimising cognitive load. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 638-643. doi:10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.638
https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.91.4.638
McLaughlin, M. E., Bell, M. P., & Stringer, D. Y. (2004). Stigma and acceptance of persons with disabilities: understudied aspects of workforce diversity. Group and Organization Management, 29(3), 302-333. doi:10.1177/1059601103257410
https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601103257410
Meng, F. (2010). Individualism/collectivism and group travel behavior: a cross‐cultural perspective. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(4), 340-351. doi:10.1108/17506181011081514
https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181011081514
Mpezati, T., & Theodosopoulou, M. (2011). Objectives of intercultural education and the role of adult education. Proceedings for the Lifelong Learning for Development, Employment and Social Cohesion, Volos, Greece, 181-186.
Ochieng, E. G., & Price, A. D. F. (2010). Managing cross-cultural communication in multicultural construction project teams: The case of Kenya and UK. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), 449-460. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.001
Quillian, L., Pager, D., Hexel, O. & Midtboen, A. H. (2017). Meta-analysis of field experiments shows no change in racial discrimination in hiring over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114| (41). 10870-10875. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706255114
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706255114
Richardson, R. M., & Smith, S. W. (2007). The influence of high/low-context culture and power distance on choice of communication media: Students' media choice to communicate with professors in Japan and America. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(4), 479-501. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.01.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.01.002
Rosmalen, P., Boyle, E., Baaren, J., Kärki, A. & Aguado, Á. (2014). A case study on the design and development of mini-games for research methods and statistics. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Game-Based Learning, 14 (3), e5. doi:10.4108/sg.1.3.e5
https://doi.org/10.4108/sg.1.3.e5
Rožukalne, A., Kruks, S., Skulte, I., Lūse, A., & Stakle, A. (2017). Migrācijas atspoguļojums un rāmējums Latvijas medijos. Retrieved June 02, 2022, from https://www.km.gov.lv/uploads/ckeditor/files/Sabiedribas_integracija/Petijumi/Migracijas%20atspogulojums%20un%20ramejums%20LV%20medijos(2017).pdf
Saaty, T.L. (1990). How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48(1), 9-26. doi:10.1016/0377-2217(90)90057-I
https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(90)90057-I
Scarborough, W. J., Lambouths, D. L., & Holbrook, A. L. (2019). Support of workplace diversity policies: The role of race, gender, and beliefs about inequality. Social Science Research, 79, 194-210. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.01.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.01.002
Segal, U.A. (2019). Globalisation, migration, and ethnicity. Public Health, 172, 135-142. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.04.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.04.011
Sercu, L. (2010). Assessing intercultural competence: More questions than answers. In A. Paran & L. Sercu (Eds.), Testing the untestable in language education (pp. 17-34). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.doi:10.21832/9781847692672-004
https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847692672-004
Simpson, S. (2011). Cultural Fusion: ITER - the nascent intercultural organisation. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260778666_Cultural_Fusion
Shail, M. S. (2019). Using Micro-learning on Mobile Applications to Increase Knowledge Retention and Work Performance: A Review of Literature. Cureus, 11(8), e5307. doi:10.7759/cureus.5307
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5307
Shepherd, S. (2019). Cultural awareness workshops: limitations and practical consequences. BMC Medical Education, 19 (1), 14. doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1450-5
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1450-5
Singh, D. (2014). Managing cross-cultural diversity: issues and challenges in global organisations. Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 3, 43-50.
Sułkowski, Ł. (2017). Understanding Organizational Intercultural Interactions in Corporations, [in:] Intercultural Interactions in the Multicultural Workplace. Traditional and Positive Organizational Scholarship, Rozkwitalska, Ł. Sułkowski, S. Magala (Ed.), 3-17, Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39771-9_1
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39771-9_1
Triana, M. D. C., Jaysinghe, M., & Pieper, J. R. (2015). Perceived workplace racial discrimination and its correlates: a meta‐analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(4), 491-513. doi:10.1002/job.1988
https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1988
Triandafyllidou, A. (2003). Immigration policy implementation in Italy: organisational culture, identity processes and labour market control. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29(2), 257-297. doi:10.1080/1369183032000079611
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183032000079611
Tulman, L., & Watts, R. J. (2008). Development and testing of the blueprint for integration of cultural competence in the curriculum questionnaire. Journal of Professional Nursing, 24(3), 161-166. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2008.01.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2008.01.006
Walaszczyk, L. (2020). Social Innovation Based-Model for the Analysis of Enterprise Operations. Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Radom.
Wang, Z., Luo, Y., & Qu, Y. (2017. Application of Micro-lecture For Engineering Mechanics Experimental Teaching. International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences, 4(2), 130-132.
Yang, M. (2017). Intercultural experiential learning. The International Encyclopaedia of Intercultural Communication, 1-11. doi:0.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0185
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0185
Yeo, S. L., & Pang, A. (2017). Asian Multiculturalism in Communication: Impact of Culture in the Practice of Public Relations in Singapore. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 112-122. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.10.014
Copyright (c) 2022 UNIMAS Publisher
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
4) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
5) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
