JANTUH BEBASA MASYARAKAT MELAYU DI PEDALAMAN KAPUAS HULU, KALIMANTAN BARAT
Abstract
Masyarakat Melayu di Riam Panjang adalah sebuah komuniti Melayu di hulu Sungai Kapuas, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. Makalah ini membincangkan salah satu aspek sosiolinguistik masyarakat “pedalaman jauh”, iaitu Jantuh Bebasa atau kesantunan berbahasa. Jantuh Bebasa di Riam Panjang diungkapkan melalui penggunaan bahasa verbal dan bukan verbal. Ungkapan melalui bahasa verbal melibatkan pemilihan kata yang menunjukkan tahap kesopanan, manakala bebasa melalui bahasa bukan verbal pula terkait dengan sikap, lakuan gaya atau budi pekerti seseorang dalam interaksi sosial. Dari segi skop, Jantuh Bebasa masyarakat Riam Panjang dihuraikan dari segi pemilihan sesuatu sistem kata panggilan berdasarkan status sosial dan strata institusi kekeluargaan. Keupayaan mereka memanipulasi kata tertentu menjadi kata ganda yang mencerminkan kehalusan dan kesantunan berbicara juga dibincangkan (iaitu Jantuh Ingka’). Kajian yang dilaksanakan melalui kaedah wawancara dan pengalaman ini mendapati bahawa konsep Jantuh Bebasa di Riam Panjang berkait erat dengan aspek etnografi dan kepercayaan masyarakat. Pelanggaran Jantuh Bebasa selain dikecam oleh masyarakat, turut dikaitkan dengan pantang larang, iaitu seseorang akan ditimpa musibah, iaitu busung. Tambahan lagi, masyarakat juga akan dihukum dengan hukum adat kesupan jika melanggar Jantuh Bebasa. Sehubungan itu, generasi tua di Riam Panjang amat menekankan pewarisan budaya bebahasa dalam kalangan genarasi muda, agar nilai budaya pekerti tinggi ini dapat dipertahankan.
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