Abstract
In today’s globalised and competitive job market, graduates must meet the rising industry expectations for effective real-world communication skills, alongside technical expertise. In the era where English proficiency often defines employability, employers increasingly prioritise graduates with strong language proficiency and effective communication skills as key indicators for employability. However, the specific communicative competencies required in professional settings is still not well-understood. Using Canale and Swain’s (1980) framework, this study investigates the employers’ perception of communicative competence perceived as important for effective communication in the workplace. Data were collected through a questionnaire analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that sociolinguistic competence was most valued as it emphasises the importance of contextually appropriate language use in workplace communication. This study highlights the significance of adopting established second language framework beyond academic contexts to better align language education with industry expectations hence offering an alternative language curriculum for educators and policymakers to enhance English language training and graduate employability.
References
Ali, Z., Bhar, S. K., Mahmood, S., Mokhtar, R., & Ali, A. Z. M. (2025). Reforming English for employability: Insights from employers and graduates in a Malaysian context. Forum for Linguistics Studies, 7(9), 801-816. https://doi.org/ 10.30564/fls.v7i9.10249
Batziakas, B. (2016). Communicative practices in English as a lingua franca interaction: some examples from Asian university students in London. Asian Englishes, 19(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2016.1237008
Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to communicative language pedagogy. In J. C. Richards & R. W. Schmidt (Eds.). Language and communication (pp. 2-27). Longman.
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/I.1.1
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. MIT Press.
Celce-Murcia, M. (2007). Rethinking the role of communicative competence in language teaching. In E. Alcón Soler & M. P. Safont Jordà (Eds). Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 41-57). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5639-0_3
Davies, A. (1989). Communicative competence as language use. Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/10.2.157
Gan, L. K., Rafik-Galea, S., & Chan, S. H. (2017). Effect of oral communication strategies training on the development of Malaysian English as a second language learners' strategic competence. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 5(4), 57-77. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.4p.57
Hamid, M. S. A., Islam, R., & Manaf, N. H. A. (2014). Employability skills development approaches: An application of the analytic network process. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 19, 93-111. https://ejournal.usm.my/aamj/article/view/aamj_vol19-no-1-2014_5
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.). Sociolinguistics (pp.269-293). Penguin.
Jawing, E., & Kamlun, K. (2022). Social science graduate employability and English language proficiency: Findings from a Public University in Malaysia. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counselling, 7(47), 878-892. https://doi.org/10.35631/IJEPC.747064
Kamil, M. A., & Anuar, N. (2022). Employers’ viewpoints on strategic competence for workplace communication. International Journal of Education, 14(56). https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v14i3.19998
Kanwit, M., & Solon M. (2022). Communicative competence in a second Language: Theory, method and applications. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003160779
Khamis, N., & Wahi, W. (2021). Enhancing business communication skills: Action research. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 11(5), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2021.117.355.36
Kho, M. G.-W., & Ting, S.-H. (2024). Overcoming obstacles: Insights into the English language proficiency of diploma students in a Malaysian polytechnic. Al-Azkiyaa- International Journal of Language and Education, 3(1), 76-97. https://doi.org/10.33102/alazkiyaa92
Layagan, J. M. (2024). Self-efficacy in communication and employability skills of English language students. ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching, 13, 137-149. https://doi.org/10.15294/elt.v13i2.1516
Lillis, T. M. (2006). Communicative competence. In K. Brown (Ed). Encyclopaedia of language and Linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 666-673). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01275-X
Matsuoka, K., & Mihail, D. M. (2016). Graduates’ employability: What do graduates and employers think? Industry and Higher Education, 30(5), 379-389. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422216663719
Ne’matullah, K. F., Pek, L. S., & Roslan, S. A. (2023). Speaking English in job interviews increases employability opportunities: Malaysian employers’ perspectives. International Journal of Language, Literacy and Translation, 6(2), 166-178. https://doi.org/10.36777/ijollt2023.6.2.085
Ong, T. W. S., Ting, S. H., Raslie, H., Marzuki, E., Chuah, K. M., & Jerome, C. (2022). University students’ communication and employability skills: Mismatch perspectives of students, lecturers, and employers in Sarawak, Malaysia. Notion: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture, 4(2), 94-104. https://doi.org/10.12928/notion.v4i2.6003
Osman, I., Ibrahim, A., Mohd, I. H., Hashim, M. J. M., & Ahmad, N. N. (2025). Graduate soft skills and employability in Malaysia: The view of employers from different manufacturing companies. Social and Management Research Journal, 22(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.24191/smrj.v22i1
Radin, M. I., & Hanita H. I. (2025). Teaching approaches and motivational strategies on Malaysian tertiary learners’ speaking engagement. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 9(3), 338-347. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.903SEDU0020
Rahman, S. N. A., Razali, A. B., Samad, A. A., & Abdullah, N. S. (2022). Utilising teaching resources for the development of Malaysian ESL students’ sociolinguistic competence. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 12(5), 1383-1395. https://doi.org/ 10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i5/13217
Singh, M. K. M. (2021). English language communicative competence of university interns for employability. e-BANGI: Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 18(3), 67-81.
Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1989). Issues in interpersonal competence research. In Handbook of interpersonal competence research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3572-9_3
Talif, R., & Noor, R. (2009). Connecting language needs in the workplace to the learning of English at tertiary level. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 17(2), 65-77.
Ting, S. H., Marzuki, E., Chuah, K. M., Misieng, J. & Jerome, C. (2017). Employers’ views on importance of English proficiency and communication skill for employability in Malaysia. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 315-327. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i2.8132
Vorwerg, C. (2015). Communicative competence: Linguistic aspects. International Encyclopaedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53042-6
Walker, I., Chan, D. K. G., Nagami, M., & Bourguignon, C., (Eds.). (2018). New perspectives on the development of communicative and related competence in foreign language education. De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501505034
Wang, N., Ahmad, N. K., & Saharuddin, N. (2025). Effective measures to develop undergraduates’ communicative competence in English as a Foreign Language: A systematic review. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Education Research, 24(2), 416-438. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.2.21
Yahaya, N., & Miskam, N. N. (2024). Bridging the gap: Unveiling Business English needs through a needs analysis of Malaysian polytechnic students. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(4), 2405-2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v13-i4/23830
Yorke, M. (2006). Employability in higher education: What it is what it is not (Learning and Employability Series, No. 1). Higher Education Academy.
Yusof, A. M., & Rahmat, N. (2020). Communication barriers at the workplace: A case study. European Journal of Education Studies, 7, 228-240. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v7i10.3299
Zainuddin, S. Z., Pillai, S., Perlag, F. D., & Phillip, P. (2019). English language and graduate employability. Education + Training, 61, 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2017-0089
Zulkeifli, N. Y., Jamri, M. H., Ridzuan, A. R., Ismail, N., Khairuddin, K., Abdul Rani, N. S. A., Hadi, S. N. I. A., & Ibrahim, N. A. N. (2023). Communication as a strategy in enhancing an organization performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(10), 2041-2048. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i10/1912

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 UNIMAS Publisher
