TRAVERSING SACRED STONES IN THE HEART OF BORNEO: TRANSBOUNDARY ECOTOURISM THROUGH THE MEGALITHIC LANDSCAPES OF THE KELABIT HIGHLANDS OF SARAWAK, MALAYSIA AND THE KERAYAN HIGHLANDS OF KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/jbk.2904.2020Abstract
The Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak, Malaysia and the Kerayan Highlands of Kalimantan, Indonesia areculturally contiguous areas separated by the Apad Wat mountain range, consisting of a number ofvillages that are related ethnically, linguistically, and through marriage. Though now separated by apolitical boundary, locals have always traversed this border. Now, foreign tourists also walk across thisborder, as community-based transboundary ecotourism is often centered around long-distance trekkingamong villages. The main attractions along the way for most tourists are impressive megaliths thatinclude erected stones, carved stones, and large piles of stones, and other cultural sites such as oldlonghouse sites, and earthworks in various shapes such as crocodiles. These cultural sites, and thelandscape in which they are found, represent a complex history of movement in the landscape by various,but related, ethnic groups that predates political separation. These sites have deep cultural and religioussignificance to local people on both sides of the border, and the experience of trekking among them hassignificance beyond mere tourism for many visitors as well. There is strong local, governmental, andinternational support for ecotourism development here, as well as an awareness of the possible pitfallsof expanding ecotourism in this region. This paper provides background on elements of the landscapeitself, particularly megalithic structures located within intact rain forest, that attract visitors. It alsopresents a synopsis of some of the cross-boundary efforts to simultaneously promote responsible andculturally sensitive ecotourism development and to protect the ecological and cultural integrity of thisunique megalithic landscape in the “heart of Borneo.” Research for this article was conducted primarilyin the Kelabit Highlands, and emphasis on this area is reflected in the data and discussion.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1080/00664670903278429
Amster, M. (1998). 'Tradition,' ethnicity, and change: Kelabit practices of name changing. Sarawak Museum Journal, Vol. LIV (No. 75 New Series), 183-200.
Ardhana, I.K., Langub, J. and Chew, D. (2004). Borders of kinship and ethnicity: Cross-border relations between the Kelalan Valley, Sarawak, and the Bawan Valley, East Kalimantan. Borneo Research Bulletin, 35, 144-179.
Bala, P. (2002). Changing borders and identities in the Kelabit Highlands: Anthropological reflections on growing up near an international border (No. 1). Unit Penerbitan Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
Bala, P. (2009). An engagement with modernity? Becoming Christian in the Kelabit Highlands of Central Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin, 40, 173-185.
Barker, G. (2008, September 26). Footsteps and marks: transitions to farming in the rainforests of Island Southeast Asia. Program in Agrarian Studies (pp.3-16), Yale University.
Blust, R.A. (1974). A double counter‐universal in Kelabit. Paper in Linguistics, 7(3-4), 309-324.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08351817409370376
Bulan, R. (2003). Boundaries, territorial domains, and Kelabit customary practices: discovering the hidden landscape. Borneo Research Bulletin, 34, 18-61.
Carrier, J.G., and Macleod, D.V.L. (2005). Bursting the bubble: The socio-cultural context of ecotourism. Royal Anthropological Institute, 11, 315-334.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00238.x
Chin, C.L.M., Moore, S.A., Wallington, T.J. and Dowling, R.K. (2000). Ecotourism in Bako National Park, Borneo: Visitors' perspectives on environmental impacts and their management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 20-35.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667347
Cluny, W. and Chai., P. (2007). Cultural sites of the northern highlands Sarawak, Malaysia: Megaliths and burials. ITTO Project PD 224/03 Rev. 1(F): Transboundary biodiversity conservation Pulong Tau National Park. International Tropical Timber Organization and Sarawak Forest Department.
Coates, K. (2014). The landscape of memory: Archaeology, oral history, and culture deep in the Malaysian jungle. Archaeology, March/April 2014, 55-61. https://www.archaeology.org/issues/127-1403/letter-from/1793-borneo-jungle-megalithic-mounds-stone-jars
Din, K.H. (1997). Tourism and cultural development in Malaysia: Issues for a new agenda. In S. Yamashita, K.H. Din, and J.S. Eades (Eds.), Tourism and cultural development in Asia and Oceania (pp. 104-118). Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Douglas, R.S. (1912). An expedition to the Bah Country of central Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 1(2), 17-30.
Eghenter, C. and Langub, J. (2008). Past meets future: A transborder forum for a sustainable future for the highlands of Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin, 39, 286-294.
Eliade, M. (1979). A history of religious ideas. Collins Publishers.
https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226147697.001.0001
FORMADAT. (2020). FORMADAT & UNDP hold symposium to commemorate Equator prize win. https://formadat.org/news/formadat-undp-hold-symposium-to-commemorate-equator-prize-win/
Gani, N. (2019). Megalithic sites in Punang Kelapang, Upper Baram, Sarawak: A preliminary survey. Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia, 32(2), 13-30.
Harris, R. (2002). Electronic commerce for community-based pro-poor tourism (proposal to infoDev Core program for e-tourism project in the Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak). http://rogharris.org/E-tourism%20proposal.pdf
Harrisson, T. (1973). Megalithic evidences in East Malaysia: An introductory summary. Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, XLVI, Part 1, 123-140.
Harrisson, T. (1962). Megaliths of central Borneo and western Malaya, compared." Sarawak Museum Journal, XI (19-20) (New Series), 376-382.
Harrisson, T. (1959). More 'megaliths' from inner Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, IX(13-14), 14-20.
Harrisson, T. (1958a). A living megalithic in upland Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, VIII(12) (New Series), No. 29 (Old Series), 694-702.
Harrisson, T. (1958b). Megaliths of Central and West Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, VIII(11) (New), No. 26 (Old), 394-401.
Harrisson, T. (and Penghulu Balang Siran). (1959). World within: A Borneo story. Oxford University Press.
Hitchner, S. (2010). Heart of Borneo as a 'jalan tikus': Exploring the links between indigenous rights, extractive and exploitative industries, and conservation at the World Conservation Congress 2008. Conservation and Society, 8(4), 320-330.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.78148
Hitchner, S. (2009a). Remaking the landscape: Kelabit engagements with conservation and development. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia).
Hitchner, S. (2009b). The living Kelabit landscape: Documenting and preserving cultural sites and landscape modifications in the Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak, Malaysia. Sarawak Museum Journal, LXVI (87), 1-79.
Hitchner, S., Apu, F.L., Galih, S., Tarawe, L. and Yesaya, E. (2009). Community-based transboundary ecotourism in the heart of Borneo: A case study of the Kelabit Highlands of Malaysia and the Kerayan Highlands of Indonesia. Journal of Ecotourism, 8(2), 193-213.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040802696064
Hose, C. (1900). In the Heart of Borneo. The Geographical Journal, 16(1), 39-59.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1774298
Ismail, G. (1998). Introduction: Bario: The Highland of the Kelabit People. In I. Ghazally and L. Bin Din (Eds.), A scientific journey through Borneo: Bario, The Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak. (pp. i-iii). Pelanduk Publications.
Jalong, P.N. (1989). The Ngurek. Sarawak Museum Journal, XL(61) (Special Issue 4/III), 157-168.
Janowski, M. and Barton, H. (2012). Reading human activity in the landscape. Indonesia and the Malay World, 40(118), 354-371.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2012.709005
Jones, S.E., Barton, H., Hunt, C.O., Janowski, M., Lloyd-Smith, L. and Barker, G. (2016). The cultural antiquity of rainforests: Human-plant associations during the mid-late Holocene in the interior highlands of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Quaternary International, 416, 80-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.024
Keith, H.G. (1947). Megalithic remains in North Borneo. Journal Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. XX, part I, 153-155.
King, V.T. (1993). Tourism and culture in Malaysia. In M. Hitchcock, V.T. King, and J.G. Parnwell (Eds.), Tourism in Southeast Asia (pp. 99-116). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429431395-5
Labang, L. (1962). "Married megaliths" in upland Kalimantan. Sarawak Museum Journal, XI(19-20) (New Series), 383-385.
Langub, J. (1987). Ethnic self-labelling of the Murut or Lun Bawang of Sarawak. Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 2, 289-299. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41056733
https://doi.org/10.1355/SJ2-2G
Lonely Planet (2020). Kelabit Highlands in detail: Trekking. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/a/nar/0b830465-1756-4355-8765-7c648fd0a39d/1321702
Mashman, V. (2017). Stones and power in the Kelapang: Indigeneity and Kelabit and Ngurek narratives. In V. King, Z. Ibrahim, and N. H. Hassan (Eds.), Borneo Studies in History, Society and Culture (pp. 405-426). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0672-2_19
McLaren, D. (1997). Rethinking tourism and ecotravel: The paving of paradise and what you can do to stop it. Kumarian Press.
Mjöberg, E. (1925). An expedition to the Kalabit Country and Mt. Murud, Sarawak. Geographical Review, 15(3), 411-427.
https://doi.org/10.2307/208563
Mohamed, B. (2002). The development of tourism in Malaysia: Is it really sustainable? Paper presented at the International Year of Ecotourism 2002: Community-based ecotourism in Southeast Asia, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Mowforth, M. and Munt, M. (1998). Tourism and sustainability: New tourism in the third world. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203437292
Phelan, P.R. (1997). Traditional stone and wood monuments of Sabah. Pusat Kajian Borneo.
Reed, M.G. (1997). Power relations and community-based tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 566-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00023-6Amster, M. (2009). Portable potency: Christianity, mobility and spiritual landscapes among the Kelabit, Anthropological Forum, 19(3), 307-322. https://10.1080/00664670903278429
https://doi.org/10.1080/00664670903278429
Amster, M. (1998). 'Tradition,' ethnicity, and change: Kelabit practices of name changing. Sarawak Museum Journal, Vol. LIV (No. 75 New Series), 183-200.
Ardhana, I.K., Langub, J. and Chew, D. (2004). Borders of kinship and ethnicity: Cross-border relations between the Kelalan Valley, Sarawak, and the Bawan Valley, East Kalimantan. Borneo Research Bulletin, 35, 144-179.
Bala, P. (2002). Changing borders and identities in the Kelabit Highlands: Anthropological reflections on growing up near an international border (No. 1). Unit Penerbitan Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
Bala, P. (2009). An engagement with modernity? Becoming Christian in the Kelabit Highlands of Central Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin, 40, 173-185.
Barker, G. (2008, September 26). Footsteps and marks: transitions to farming in the rainforests of Island Southeast Asia. Program in Agrarian Studies (pp.3-16), Yale University.
Blust, R.A. (1974). A double counter‐universal in Kelabit. Paper in Linguistics, 7(3-4), 309-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351817409370376
https://doi.org/10.1080/08351817409370376
Bulan, R. (2003). Boundaries, territorial domains, and Kelabit customary practices: discovering the hidden landscape. Borneo Research Bulletin, 34, 18-61.
Carrier, J.G., and Macleod, D.V.L. (2005). Bursting the bubble: The socio-cultural context of ecotourism. Royal Anthropological Institute, 11, 315-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00238.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00238.x
Chin, C.L.M., Moore, S.A., Wallington, T.J. and Dowling, R.K. (2000). Ecotourism in Bako National Park, Borneo: Visitors' perspectives on environmental impacts and their management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667347
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667347
Cluny, W. and Chai., P. (2007). Cultural sites of the northern highlands Sarawak, Malaysia: Megaliths and burials. ITTO Project PD 224/03 Rev. 1(F): Transboundary biodiversity conservation Pulong Tau National Park. International Tropical Timber Organization and Sarawak Forest Department.
Coates, K. (2014). The landscape of memory: Archaeology, oral history, and culture deep in the Malaysian jungle. Archaeology, March/April 2014, 55-61. https://www.archaeology.org/issues/127-1403/letter-from/1793-borneo-jungle-megalithic-mounds-stone-jars
Din, K.H. (1997). Tourism and cultural development in Malaysia: Issues for a new agenda. In S. Yamashita, K.H. Din, and J.S. Eades (Eds.), Tourism and cultural development in Asia and Oceania (pp. 104-118). Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Douglas, R.S. (1912). An expedition to the Bah Country of central Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 1(2), 17-30.
Eghenter, C. and Langub, J. (2008). Past meets future: A transborder forum for a sustainable future for the highlands of Borneo. Borneo Research Bulletin, 39, 286-294.
Eliade, M. (1979). A history of religious ideas. Collins Publishers.
https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226147697.001.0001
FORMADAT. (2020). FORMADAT & UNDP hold symposium to commemorate Equator prize win. https://formadat.org/news/formadat-undp-hold-symposium-to-commemorate-equator-prize-win/
Gani, N. (2019). Megalithic sites in Punang Kelapang, Upper Baram, Sarawak: A preliminary survey.
Jurnal Arkeologi Malaysia, 32(2), 13-30.
Harris, R. (2002). Electronic commerce for community-based pro-poor tourism (proposal to infoDev
Core program for e-tourism project in the Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak). http://rogharris.org/E-tourism%20proposal.pdf
Harrisson, T. (1973). Megalithic evidences in East Malaysia: An introductory summary. Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, XLVI, Part 1, 123-140.
Harrisson, T. (1962). Megaliths of central Borneo and western Malaya, compared." Sarawak Museum Journal, XI (19-20) (New Series), 376-382.
Harrisson, T. (1959). More 'megaliths' from inner Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, IX(13-14), 14-20.
Harrisson, T. (1958a). A living megalithic in upland Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, VIII(12) (New Series), No. 29 (Old Series), 694-702.
Harrisson, T. (1958b). Megaliths of Central and West Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, VIII(11) (New), No. 26 (Old), 394-401.
Harrisson, T. (and Penghulu Balang Siran). (1959). World within: A Borneo story. Oxford University Press.
Hitchner, S. (2010). Heart of Borneo as a 'jalan tikus': Exploring the links between indigenous rights, extractive and exploitative industries, and conservation at the World Conservation Congress 2008. Conservation and Society, 8(4), 320-330. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.78148
https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.78148
Hitchner, S. (2009a). Remaking the landscape: Kelabit engagements with conservation and development. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia).
Hitchner, S. (2009b). The living Kelabit landscape: Documenting and preserving cultural sites and landscape modifications in the Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak, Malaysia. Sarawak Museum Journal, LXVI (87), 1-79.
Hitchner, S., Apu, F.L., Galih, S., Tarawe, L. and Yesaya, E. (2009). Community-based transboundary ecotourism in the heart of Borneo: A case study of the Kelabit Highlands of Malaysia and the Kerayan Highlands of Indonesia. Journal of Ecotourism, 8(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040802696064
https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040802696064
Hose, C. (1900). In the Heart of Borneo. The Geographical Journal, 16(1), 39-59.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1774298
Ismail, G. (1998). Introduction: Bario: The Highland of the Kelabit People. In I. Ghazally and L. Bin Din (Eds.), A scientific journey through Borneo: Bario, The Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak. (pp. i-iii). Pelanduk Publications.
Jalong, P.N. (1989). The Ngurek. Sarawak Museum Journal, XL(61) (Special Issue 4/III), 157-168.
Janowski, M. and Barton, H. (2012). Reading human activity in the landscape. Indonesia and the Malay World, 40(118), 354-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2012.709005
https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2012.709005
Jones, S.E., Barton, H., Hunt, C.O., Janowski, M., Lloyd-Smith, L. and Barker, G. (2016). The cultural antiquity of rainforests: Human-plant associations during the mid-late Holocene in the interior highlands of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Quaternary International, 416, 80-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.024
Keith, H.G. (1947). Megalithic remains in North Borneo. Journal Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. XX, part I, 153-155.
King, V.T. (1993). Tourism and culture in Malaysia. In M. Hitchcock, V.T. King, and J.G. Parnwell (Eds.), Tourism in Southeast Asia (pp. 99-116). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429431395-5
Labang, L. (1962). "Married megaliths" in upland Kalimantan. Sarawak Museum Journal, XI(19-20) (New Series), 383-385.
Langub, J. (1987). Ethnic self-labelling of the Murut or Lun Bawang of Sarawak. Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 2, 289-299. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41056733
https://doi.org/10.1355/SJ2-2G
Lonely Planet (2020). Kelabit Highlands in detail: Trekking. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/a/nar/0b830465-1756-4355-8765-7c648fd0a39d/1321702
Mashman, V. (2017). Stones and power in the Kelapang: Indigeneity and Kelabit and Ngurek narratives. In V. King, Z. Ibrahim, and N. H. Hassan (Eds.), Borneo Studies in History, Society and Culture (pp. 405-426). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0672-2_19
McLaren, D. (1997). Rethinking tourism and ecotravel: The paving of paradise and what you can do to stop it. Kumarian Press.
Mjöberg, E. (1925). An expedition to the Kalabit Country and Mt. Murud, Sarawak. Geographical Review, 15(3), 411-427.
https://doi.org/10.2307/208563
Mohamed, B. (2002). The development of tourism in Malaysia: Is it really sustainable? Paper presented at the International Year of Ecotourism 2002: Community-based ecotourism in Southeast Asia, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Mowforth, M. and Munt, M. (1998). Tourism and sustainability: New tourism in the third world. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203437292
Phelan, P.R. (1997). Traditional stone and wood monuments of Sabah. Pusat Kajian Borneo.
Reed, M.G. (1997). Power relations and community-based tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 566-591.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00023-6
Richter, L.K. (1989). The politics of tourism in Asia. University of Hawaii Press.
Saging, R.L. (1976/77). An Ethno-History of the Kelabit Tribe in Sarawak: A Brief Look at the Kelabit Tribe Before World War II and After. Unpublished thesis submitted to the Jabatan Sejarah, University of Malaya for Degree in Bachelor of Arts.
Saging, R.L. and Bulan, L. (1989). Kelabit ethnography: A brief report. Sarawak Museum Journal, XL(61), 89-118.
Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245-249.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
Schneeberger, W. (1945). The Kerayan-Kalabit Highland of central northeast Borneo. Geographical Review, 544-562.
https://doi.org/10.2307/210795
Sellato, B. (2016). The Ngorek of the central highlands and 'megalithic' activity in Borneo. In C. Jeunesse, P. Le Roux, & B. Boulestin (Eds.), Living and past megalithisms: Interwoven approaches (pp. 117-150). Archaeopress.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxrq101.11
Sidu, J. (2007). A socio-economic study of the communities living adjacent to the Pulong Tau National Park. Transboundary Biodiversity and Conservation Area: The Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak State, Malaysia, Serial number PD 224/03 Rev. 1 (F). International Tropical Timber Organization, Sarawak Forest Department & Sarawak Forestry Corporation.
Singh, H. (1998). The physiography and general geology of the Kelabit Highlands surrounding the Bario area. In G. Ismail and L. Bin Din (Eds.), A Scientific Journey through Borneo: Bario, The Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak (pp. 1-20). Pelanduk Publications.
Stronza, A. (2001). Anthropology of tourism: Forging new ground for ecotourism and other alternatives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30, 261-83.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.261
Talla, Y. (1978). The Kelabit of the Kelabit Highlands, In C. Sather (Ed.) Sarawak Report No. 9. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Tan, C.B. (1994). Kelabit associations. In C.B. Tan (Ed.) Communal Associations of the Indigenous Communities of Sarawak: A Study of Ethnicity and National Integration (pp. 116-140). Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya.
Von Koenigswald, G.H.R. (1962). A remarkable megalith and gold ear-ring from Java. Sarawak Museum Journal, XI(19-20) (New Series), 372-375.
West, P. and Carrier, J. (2004). Ecotourism and authenticity: Getting away from it all? Current Anthropology, 45(4), 483-498.
https://doi.org/10.1086/422082
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Denmark, in collaboration with WWF Indonesia (2006). In L. Topp and C. Eghenter (Eds.), Kayan Mentarang National Park: In the Heart of Borneo. World Wide Fund for Nature.
Yacob, M.R., Shuib, A., Mamat, M.F. and Radam, A. (2007). Local economic benefits of ecotourism development in Malaysia: The case of Redang Island Marine Park. International Journal of Economics and Management, 1(3), 365-386.
Zainuri, L.H. (2018). Dayak Lundayeh: A report from the border. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, 20.2,
https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.3233
Zeppel, H. (1997). Meeting 'wild people': Iban cultured longhouse tourism in Sarawak. In S. Yamashita, K.H. Din and J.S. Eades (Eds.), Tourism and cultural development in Asia and Oceania (pp. 119-140). Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00023-6
Richter, L.K. (1989). The politics of tourism in Asia. University of Hawaii Press.
Saging, R.L. (1976/77). An Ethno-History of the Kelabit Tribe in Sarawak: A Brief Look at the Kelabit Tribe Before World War II and After. Unpublished thesis submitted to the Jabatan Sejarah, University of Malaya for Degree in Bachelor of Arts.
Saging, R.L. and Bulan, L. (1989). Kelabit ethnography: A brief report. Sarawak Museum Journal, XL(61), 89-118.
Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245-249.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
Schneeberger, W. (1945). The Kerayan-Kalabit Highland of central northeast Borneo. Geographical Review, 544-562.
https://doi.org/10.2307/210795
Sellato, B. (2016). The Ngorek of the central highlands and 'megalithic' activity in Borneo. In C. Jeunesse, P. Le Roux, & B. Boulestin (Eds.), Living and past megalithisms: Interwoven approaches (pp. 117-150). Archaeopress.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxrq101.11
Sidu, J. (2007). A socio-economic study of the communities living adjacent to the Pulong Tau National Park. Transboundary Biodiversity and Conservation Area: The Pulong Tau National Park, Sarawak State, Malaysia, Serial number PD 224/03 Rev. 1 (F). International Tropical Timber Organization, Sarawak Forest Department & Sarawak Forestry Corporation.
Singh, H. (1998). The physiography and general geology of the Kelabit Highlands surrounding the Bario area. In G. Ismail and L. Bin Din (Eds.), A Scientific Journey through Borneo: Bario, The Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak (pp. 1-20). Pelanduk Publications.
Stronza, A. (2001). Anthropology of tourism: Forging new ground for ecotourism and other alternatives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30, 261-83.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.261
Talla, Y. (1978). The Kelabit of the Kelabit Highlands, In C. Sather (Ed.) Sarawak Report No. 9. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Tan, C.B. (1994). Kelabit associations. In C.B. Tan (Ed.) Communal Associations of the Indigenous Communities of Sarawak: A Study of Ethnicity and National Integration (pp. 116-140). Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya.
Von Koenigswald, G.H.R. (1962). A remarkable megalith and gold ear-ring from Java. Sarawak Museum Journal, XI(19-20) (New Series), 372-375.
West, P. and Carrier, J. (2004). Ecotourism and authenticity: Getting away from it all? Current Anthropology, 45(4), 483-498.
https://doi.org/10.1086/422082
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Denmark, in collaboration with WWF Indonesia (2006). In L. Topp and C. Eghenter (Eds.), Kayan Mentarang National Park: In the Heart of Borneo. World Wide Fund for Nature.
Yacob, M.R., Shuib, A., Mamat, M.F. and Radam, A. (2007). Local economic benefits of ecotourism development in Malaysia: The case of Redang Island Marine Park. International Journal of Economics and Management, 1(3), 365-386.
Zainuri, L.H. (2018). Dayak Lundayeh: A report from the border. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, 20.2,
https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.3233
Zeppel, H. (1997). Meeting 'wild people': Iban cultured longhouse tourism in Sarawak. In S. Yamashita, K.H. Din and J.S. Eades (Eds.), Tourism and cultural development in Asia and Oceania (pp. 119-140). Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
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1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
