Online pornography consumption: Examining its role in sexual motivation, arousal, gratification, and problematic use

Authors

  • Mohd. Shahrul Kamaruddin Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
  • Siew Kian Chong Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
  • Muliana Mohamad Taha Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
  • Fatin Adha Murad Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
  • Aini Azeqa Ma’rof Universiti Putra Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.8829.2025

Keywords:

online pornography, sexual motivation, arousal, gratification, problematic pornography use, internet pornography

Abstract

This study examines the relationships between online pornography consumption, sexual motivation, arousal, and gratification, and their potential link to problematic pornography use, which is characterised by difficulties in controlling consumption despite negative consequences. A total of 202 individuals who engage in online pornography use participated in this research, which was conducted via an anonymous online questionnaire distributed across various digital platforms, including email groups and social media (e.g., Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp). Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants. The findings reveal a strong positive correlation between online pornography consumption and an increased tendency towards problematic pornography use. Sexual arousal during pornography consumption was identified as the most significant predictor of problematic use. Furthermore, the reinforcing nature of pornography consumption, driven by motivation, arousal, and gratification, plays a crucial role in sustaining these behaviours. These findings are consistent with existing theoretical models of behavioural addiction, indicating that reinforcement mechanisms such as cue-reactivity and craving significantly contribute to the persistence of problematic pornography use. This study offers valuable insights into the psychosocial dynamics of online pornography consumption and highlights the importance of addressing its reinforcing effects to better understand and mitigate the potential risks associated with excessive or maladaptive use.

References

Ashton, S., McDonald, K., & Kirkman, M. (2019). What does ‘pornography’ mean in the digital age? Revisiting a definition for social science researchers. Porn Studies, 6(2), 144–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2018.1544096

Baranowski, A. M., Vogl, R, & Stark, R. (2019). Prevalence and determinants of problematic online pornography use in a sample of German women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(8),1274–1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.05.010

Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: ‘Liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014

Brand, M., Young, K. S., & Laier, C. (2014). Prefrontal control and internet addiction: A theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 375. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375

Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033

Brown, O., Smith, L. G. E., Davidson, B. I., & Ellis, D. A. (2022). The problem with the internet: An affordance-based approach for psychological research on networked technologies. Acta Psychologica, 228, 103650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103650

Bushman, B. J., & Huesmann, L. R. (2013). Twenty-five years of research on violence in digital games and aggression revisited. European Psychologist, 19(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000164

Camilleri, C., Perry, J. T., & Sammut, S. (2021). Compulsive internet pornography use and mental health: A cross-sectional study in a sample of university students in the United States. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 613244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244

Cooper, A., Delmonico, D. L., Griffin-Shelley, E., & Mathy, R. M. (2004). Online sexual activity: An examination of potentially problematic behaviors. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 11(3), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720160490882642

Daneback, K., Cooper, A., & Månsson, S. A. (2005). An internet study of cybersex participants. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-005-3120-z

Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8

Georgiadis, J. R., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2012). The human sexual response cycle: Brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures. Progress in Neurobiology, 98(1), 49–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004

Griffiths, M. (2001). Sex on the internet: Observations and implications for internet sex addiction. The Journal of Sex Research, 38(4), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490109552104

Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A. L., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019). Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(2), 117–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045

Hald, G. M., Stulhofer, A., & Lange, T. (2018). Sexual arousal and Sexually Explicit Media (SEM): Comparing patterns of sexual arousal to SEM and sexual self-evaluations and satisfaction across gender and sexual orientation. Sexual Medicine, 6(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2017.11.001

Hust, S. J. T., Brown, J. D., & L’Engle, K. L. (2008). Boys will be boys and girls better be prepared: An analysis of the rare sexual health messages in young adolescents’ media. Mass Communication & Society, 11(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430701867490

Kenrick, D. T., Gutierres, S. E., & Goldberg, L. L. (1989). Influence of popular erotica on judgments of strangers and mates. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25(2), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(89)90010-3

Kohut, T. A. (2014). An empirical investigation of the concept of pornography (Publication No. 2063) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Western Ontario]. Western Graduate & Postdoctoral Studies Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2063

Kühn, S., & Gallinat, J. (2014). Brain structure and functional connectivity associated with pornography consumption: The brain on porn. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(7), 827–834. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.93

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 278–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5

Laier, C., & Brand, M. (2017). Mood changes after watching pornography on the internet are linked to tendencies towards internet-pornography-viewing disorder. Addictive Behaviours Reports, 5, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2016.11.003

Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J. F., & Brand, M. (2013). Cybersex addiction: Experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not real-life sexual contacts makes the difference. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.2.2013.002

Laier, C., Pekal, J., & Brand, M. (2015). Sexual excitability and dysfunctional coping determine cybersex addiction in homosexual males. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(10), 575–580. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0152

Larraz, A., Moya, A., & Actis, C. (2024). Mindfulness-based intervention and sexuality: A systematic review. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0459

Lemma, A. (2021). Introduction - Becoming sexual in digital times: The risks and harms of online pornography. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 74(1), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.2020.1859283

Lim, M. S. C., Carrotte, E. R., & Hellard, M. E. (2016). The impact of pornography on gender-based violence, sexual health and well-being: What do we know? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205453

Lotfi, A., Babakhanin, M., & Ghazanfarpour, M. (2021). The effectiveness of intervention with cognitive behavioral therapy on pornography: A systematic review protocol of randomized clinical trial studies. Health Science Reports, 4(3), e341. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.341

Love, T., Laier, C., Brand, M., Hatch, L., & Hajela, R. (2015). Neuroscience of internet pornography addiction: A review and update. Behavioral Sciences, 5(3), 388–433. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5030388

Meerkerk, G. J., Eijnden, R. J. J. M., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2006). Predicting compulsive internet use: It's all about sex! CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.95

Mulya, T. W., & Hald, G. M. (2014). Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption in a sample of Indonesian university students. Media Psychology, 17(1), 78–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2013.850038

Muusses, L. D., Kerkhof, P., & Finkenauer, C. (2015). Internet pornography and relationship quality: A longitudinal study of within and between partner effects of adjustment, sexual satisfaction and sexually explicit internet material among newly-weds. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.077

Park, B. Y., Wilson, G., Berger, J., Christman, M., Reina, B., Bishop, F., Klam, W. P., & Doan, A. P. (2016). Is internet pornography causing sexual dysfunctions? A review with clinical reports. Behavioral Sciences, 6(3), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs6030017

Reid, R. C., Li, D. S., Gilliland, R., Stein, J. A., & Fong, T. (2011). Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the pornography consumption inventory in a sample of hypersexual Men. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 37(5), 359–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2011.607047

Rodda, S. N., Hing, N., Hodgins, D. C., Cheetham, A., Dickins, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2017). Change strategies and associated implementation challenges: An analysis of online counselling sessions. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33, 955–973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9661-3

Ropelato, J. (2014). Internet pornography statistics. Top Ten Reviews. http://ministryoftruth.me.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/IFR2013.pdf

Schenk, C. B. (2009). Pornography as a leisure behavior: An investigation of pornography use and leisure boredom. [Master’s thesis, Brigham Young University]. Brigham Young University Scholars Archive. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1976

Shaughnessy, K., Byers, E. S., & Walsh, L. (2011). Online sexual activity experience of heterosexual students: Gender similarities and differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 419–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9629-9

Short, M. B., Black, L., Smith, A. H., Wetterneck, C. T., & Wells, D. E. (2012). A review of internet pornography use research: Methodology and content from the past 10 years. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0477

Siddharta, A. (2024, December 12). Malaysia: Internet user penetration 2014-2029. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/975058/internet-penetration-rate-in-malaysia/

Snagowski, J., & Brand, M. S. (2015). Symptoms of cybersex addiction can be linked to both approaching and avoiding pornographic stimuli: Results from an analog sample of regular cybersex users. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00653

Sniewski, L., Farvid, P., & Carter, P. (2018). The assessment and treatment of adult heterosexual men with self-perceived problematic pornography use: A review. Addictive Behaviors, 77, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.010

Starcke, K., Antons, S., Trotzke, P., & Brand, M. (2018). Cue-reactivity in behavioral addictions: A meta-analysis and methodological considerations. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.39

Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2015). Changes in American adults’ sexual behavior and attitudes, 1972–2012. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 2273–2285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0540-2

Vieira, C., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024). Problematic pornography use and mental health: A systematic review. Sexual Health & Compulsivity, 31(3), 207–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/26929953.2024.2348624

Voon, V., Mole, T. B., Banca, P., Porter, L., Morris, L., Mitchell, S., Lapa, T. R., Karr, J., Harrison, N. A., Potenza, M. N., & Irvine, M. (2014). Neural correlates of sexual cue reactivity in individuals with and without compulsive sexual behaviors. PLOS One, 9(7), e102419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102419

Way, B. M., & Kraus, S. W. (2024). Conceptualizations of craving and the Pornography Craving Questionnaire: A scoping review. Current Addiction Report, 11, 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-024-00547-1

Weaver, A. D., & Byers, E. S. (2013). Eye of the beholder? Sociocultural factors in the body image and sexual well-being of heterosexual women. International Journal of Sexual Health, 25(2), 128–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2012.737446

Wegmann, E., Ostendorf, S., & Brand, M. (2018). Is it beneficial to use internet communication for escaping from boredom? Boredom proneness interacts with cue-induced craving and avoidance expectancies in explaining symptoms of internet communication disorder. PLOS One, 13(4), e0195742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742

Wilson, G. (2016). Eliminate chronic internet pornography use to reveal its effects. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3(2), 209–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2016.3.0107

Young, K. S. (2004). Internet addiction: A new clinical phenomenon and its consequences. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(4), 402–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764204270278

Ziaee, T., Jannati, Y., Mobasheri, E., Taghavi, T., Abdollahi, H., Modanloo, M., & Behnampour, N. (2014). The relationship between marital and sexual satisfaction among married women employees at Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 44–51.

Zillmann, D. (2000). Influence of unrestrained access to erotica on adolescents’ and young adults’ dispositions toward sexuality. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(2), 41–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00137-3

Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Pornography's impact on sexual satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(5), 438–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00027.x

Downloads

Published

2025-03-31

How to Cite

Kamaruddin, M. S., Chong, S. K., Mohamad Taha, M., Murad, F. A., & Ma’rof, A. A. (2025). Online pornography consumption: Examining its role in sexual motivation, arousal, gratification, and problematic use. Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, 11(1), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.8829.2025