Reliability Analysis of Supervisory Styles Inventory: A Preliminary Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.786.2018Abstract
The study aims to investigate the influence of the supervisory styles on supervision outcome among undergraduate counsellor trainees. Empirical gap and methodological gap are delivered through this study by considering Malaysian context as the background of the study and taking undergraduate population with heterogeneous sample involved. System Approach to Supervision (SAS) Model serves as the basis to carry out the study. This study is quantitative in nature with correlational research design to study both the influence and relationship between supervisory styles and supervision outcome (counsellor trainees’ satisfaction). The pilot study involved 30 students from the Bachelor of Counselling (Honors) program at UNIMAS who are undergoing their practicum training. Stratified random sampling technique is utilized to select the respondents. The Supervisory Style Inventory (SSI) instrument measures three subscales (attractive, interpersonally-sensitive and task-oriented style). The three subscales have reported high reliability analysis. The result showed that SSI has a high reliability analysis ranging from α = 0.868 to α = 0.924. The reliability values of the three subscales are reported respectively as follows: (i)attractive at α = 0.92; (ii) interpersonally-sensitive α = 0.87; and (iii) task-oriented α = 0.92. The SSI instrument is reliable for measuring the supervisory styles of supervisors towards supervisees. Implications of the findings for counsellors, supervisors, trainee counsellors and area for future research are discussed with regard to attractive, interpersonally-sensitive and task-oriented.
Keywords: Reliability; supervisory styles inventory; trainee counsellors; preliminary study
References
Bernard, J. M. (1997). The discrimination model. In C. E. Watkins Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 310-327). New York: John Wiley & Sons
Bernard, J. M., & Goodyear, R.K. (1992). Fundamentals of clinical supervision. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Berger, G. P. (2012). Supervisory styles, supervision outcome and counselor self-efficacy of addiction treatment professionals. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1903/12579
Corey,G., Corey, M.S., & Callanan,P. (2007). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (7th ed.). Belmont: Thompson Brooks/Cole
Friedlander, M. L., & Ward, L. G. (1984). Development and validation of the Supervisory Styles Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 541-557
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.541
Fernando, D. M., & Hulse-Killacky, D. (2005). Supervision: The relationship of supervisory styles to satisfaction with supervision and the perceived self-efficacy of master's level counseling students. Counselor Education and Supervision, 44(4), 293-304
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb01757.x
Geldard, D., & Geldard, K. (2001). Basic personal counselling: A training manual for counsellors (4th ed). Sydney: Thompson Brooks/Cole
Heppner, P. P., & Handley, P. G. (1981). A study of the interpersonal influence process in supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 437-444.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.5.437
Heppner, P. P., & Roehlke, H. J. (1984). Differences among supervisees at different levels of training: Implications for a developmental model of supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 76-90.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.1.76
Institute for Public Health. (2015). National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015: Non-communicable diseases, risk factors and other health problems. Retrieved from http //iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/ nhmsreport2015vol2.pdf
Jay, B.N. (2017, August 25). NUTP: Increase number of counsellors to monitor students with aggressive tendencies. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www. nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/08/272563/nutp-increase-number-counsellors-monitor-students-aggressive-tendencies
Ladany, N., & Lehrman-Waterman, D.E. (1999). The content and frequency of supervisor self-disclosures and their relationship to supervisor style and the supervisory working alliance. Counselor Education and Supervision, 38, 143-160.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.1999.tb00567.x
Ladany, N., Walker, J. A., & Melincoff, D. S. (2001). Supervisory style: its relation to the superisory working alliance and supervisor self-disclosure. Counselor Education and Supervision, 40(4), 263-275.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2001.tb01259.x
Lim, B. (2017, January 23). Mental health council alarm bell on Malaysia's psychiatrist shortage. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/ news/2017/01/ 206598/mental-health-council-sounds-alarm-bell-msias-psychiatrist-shortage
Rozana Sani. (2017, October 4). Psychological speaking. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/04/227425/psychologically-speaking.
Spence, S. H., Wilson, J., Kavanagh, D., Strong, J., & Worrall, L. (2001). Clinical supervision in four mental health professions: A review of the evidence. Behavior Change, 18, 135-155.
https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.18.3.135
Stoltenberg, C. D., McNeill, B., & Delworth, U. (2010). Integrated Developmental Model of Supervision (IDM): An integrated developmental model of supervising counselors and therapists. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Shuss, C. M. (2012). Supervisory styles and satisfaction: Genetic counseling student and graduate views. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/ get/ case 1 341591706/inline
Tavakol, M. & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's Alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4205511/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
4) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
5) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
