Digital Juggling: How Media Multitasking Affects Working Memory Performance Among University Students

Authors

  • Hannah Tan Yit Yung Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
  • Mohamad Azhari Abu Bakar Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
  • Kartini Abd Ghani Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
  • Ida Juliana Hutasuhut Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Keywords:

media multitasking, verbal working memory, visuospatial working memory, university students

Abstract

The widespread adoption of media multitasking among university students raises concerns about its underexplored effects on working memory. This study investigates the relationship between media multitasking habits and both verbal and visuospatial working memory performance. A correlational research was conducted with 40 undergraduate students from a local university, ensuring equal gender distribution and using convenience sampling. Media multitasking habits were measured with the Short Media Multitasking Measure (MMM-S), while both verbal and visuospatial working memory performances were assessed using the Digit Span Task (DST) and Corsi Block-Tapping Test, respectively. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between media multitasking habits and working memory performance, as indicated by greater recall accuracy but longer task completion times for participants with higher media multitasking scores.

References

Alzahabi, R., Becker, M. W., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2017). Investigating the relationship between media multitasking and processes involved in task-switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43(11), 1872–1894. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000412

Baddeley, A. (2000). The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2

Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 8, 47-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1

Baumgartner, S. E., Lemmens, J. S., Weeda, W. D., & Huizinga, M. (2017). Measuring media multitasking: Development of a short measure of media multitasking for adolescents. Journal of Media Psychology, 29(4), 188-197. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000167

Beuckels, E., Ye, G., Hudders, L., & Cauberghe, V. (2021). Media multitasking: A bibliometric approach and literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(623643), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623643

Brenner, P. S., & DeLamater, J. (2016). Lies, damned lies, and survey self-reports? Identity as a cause of measurement bias. Social Psychology Quarterly, 79(4), 333-354. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0190272516628298

Cain, M. S., & Mitroff, S. R. (2011). Distractor filtering in media multitaskers. Perception, 40(10), 1183-1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.260

Chai, W. J., Hamid, A.I., & Malin, J. (2018). Working memory from the psychological and neurosciences perspectives: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00401

Corsi, P. M. (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. [Doctoral dissertation, McGill University]. eScholarship@McGill. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/05741s554

Cowan, N. (2015). Working memory underpins cognitive development, learning, and education. Educational Psychology Review, 26(2), 197-223. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10648-013-9246-y

Gignac, G. E., Reynolds, M. R., & Kovacs, K. (2017). Digit span subscale scores may be insufficiently reliable for clinical interpretation: Distinguishing between stratified coefficient alpha and omega hierarchical. Assessment, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117748396

Kessels, R. P. C., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., Postman, A., Kapelle, L. J., & de Hand, E. H. F. (2000). The Corsi Block-Tapping Task: Standardization and normative data. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(4), 252-258. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324826an0704_8

Lui, K. F., & Wong, A. C. N. (2012). Does media multitasking always hurt? A positive correlation between multitasking and multisensory integration. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 19, 647-653. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0245-7

Marszalek, J. M., Barber, C., Holmes, C. B., & Kohlhart, J. (2011). Sample size in psychological research over the past 30 years. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 112(2), 331-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/03.11.PMS.112.2.331-348

Matthews, N., Mattingley J. B., & Dux, P. E. (2022). Media-multitasking and cognitive control across the lifespan. Scientific Reports, 12(4349), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07777-1

May, K. E., & Elder, A. D. (2018). Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(13), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0096-z

Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0043158

Minear, M., Brasher, F., McCurdy, M., Lewis, J., & Younggren, A. (2013). Working memory, fluid intelligence, and impulsiveness in heavy media multitaskers. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 20, 1274-1281. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0456-6

Moisala, M., Salmela, V., Hietajarvi, L., Salo, E., Carlson, S., Salonen, O., Lonka, K., Hakkarainen, K., Salmela-Aro, K., & Alho, K. (2016). Media multitasking is associated with distractibility and increased prefrontal activity in adolescents and young adults. NeuroImage, 134, 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.011

Murphy, K., & Creux, O. (2021). Examining the association between media multitasking, and performance on working memory and inhibition tasks. Computers in Human Behavior, 114(106532). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106532

Murphy, K., Shin, M., & Stainer, M. (2024). Media multitasking scores and media use hours: A comparison across the standard Stroop task and an emotional Stroop task. Media Psychology, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2024.2338115

Nayak, B. K. (2010). Understanding the relevance of sample size calculation. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 58(6), 469-470. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0301-4738.71673

Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 106(37), 15583-15587. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903620106

Orsini, A., Grossi, D., Capitani, E., Laiacona, M., Papgno, C., & Vallar, G. (1987). Verbal and spatial immediate memory span: normative data from 1355 adults and 1112 children. Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 8(6), 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02333660

Paula, J. J., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., & Romano-Silva, M. A. (2016). Reliability of working memory assessment in neurocognitive disorders: A study of the Digit Span and Corsi Block-Tapping tasks. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 38(3), 262-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1879

Poll, G. H., Miller, C. A., Mainela-Arnold, E., Adams, K. D., Misa, M., & Park, J. S. (2013). Effects of children’s working memory capacity and processing speed on their sentence initiation performance. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 48(3), 329-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12014

Ralph, B. C. W., & Smilek, D. (2017). Individual differences in media multitasking and performance on the n-back. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79, 582-592. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1260-y

Seddon, A.L., Law, A. S., Adams, A., & Simmons, F. R. (2021). Individual differences in media multitasking ability: The importance of cognitive flexibility. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3(100068). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100068

Sponheim, C. (2023). Confounding variables in quantitative studies. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/confounding-variables-quantitative-ux/

Uncapher, M. R., & Wagner, A. D. (2018). Minds and brains of media multitaskers: Current findings and future directions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9889-9896. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611612115

Uncapher, M. R., Thieu, M. K., & Wagner, A. D. (2016). Media multitasking and memory: Differences in working memory and long-term memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 23(2), 483-490. https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-015-0907-3

Wannagat, W., Martin, T., Nieding, G., Rohleder, N., & Becker, L. (2024). Media multitasking in younger and older adults: Associations with cognitive abilities and biological stress responses. Media Psychology, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2023.2298686

Yap, J. Y., & Lim, S. W. H. (2013). Media multitasking predicts unitary versus splitting visual focal attention. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 889-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.835315

Downloads

Published

2024-09-30

How to Cite

Hannah Tan Yit Yung, Mohamad Azhari Abu Bakar, Kartini Abd Ghani, & Ida Juliana Hutasuhut. (2024). Digital Juggling: How Media Multitasking Affects Working Memory Performance Among University Students. Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, 10(2), 73–86. Retrieved from https://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/JCSHD/article/view/7678