Development and Validation of an Instrument Measuring Cyberbullying Among Malaysian Youths

Authors

  • Akmar Hayati Ahmad Ghazali UPM
  • Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah UPM
  • Siti Zobidah Omar UPM
  • Haslinda Abdullah UPM
  • Aminah Ahmad UPM
  • Hayrol Azril Mohamed Shaffril

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.1921.2019

Abstract

This study sought to develop and validate an instrument measuring cyberbullying among Malaysian youths. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed to determine the best sub-factors and items for the instrument, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test and validate the measurement model. Results from EFA on 38 items showed that the items were pooled into four sub-factors. Meanwhile, results from CFA indicated that eight items had to be discarded in order to confirm that the model was fit. Overall, the final version of the instrument consisted of four cyberbullying sub-factors, namely, impersonation (13 items), cyberstalking and harassment (nine items), flaming (four items), and elimination (four items).   

 

Keywords: Instrument development; Youths; Cyberbullying; Youth development     

References

Alvarez-Garcia, D., Barreiro-Collazo, A., Nunez, J.C., & Dobarro, A. (2016). Validity and reliability of the Cyber-aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA). The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8, 69-77.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2016.02.003

Antoniadou, N., Kokkinos, C.M., & Markos, A. (2016). Development, construct validation and measurement invariance of the Greek cyber-bullying/victimisation experiences questionnaire (CBVEQ-G). Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 380-390.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.032

Aricak, O.T., & Ozbay, A. (2016). Investigation of the relationship between cyberbullying, cybervictimization, alexithymia and anger expression styles among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 278-285.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.015

Balakrishnan, V. (2015). Cyberbullying among young adults in Malaysia: The roles of gender, age and Internet frequency. Computers in Human Behavior, 46, 149-157.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.021

Balakrishanan, V. (2017). Unraveling the underlying factors SCulPT-ing cyberbullying behaviours among Malaysian young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 194-205.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.062

Bauman, S., Toomey, R.B., & Walker, J.L., (2013). Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 341-350.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001

Bentler, P.M., & Bonnet, D.C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88 (3), 588-606.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588

Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107 (2), 238-46.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estevez, A., Villardon, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors' profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (5), 1128-1135.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.017

Cetin, B., Yaman, E., & Peker, A. (2011). Cyber victim and bullying scale: A study of validity and reliability. Computers and Education, 57, 2261-2271.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.014

Chau, P. (1997). Re-examining a model for evaluating information center success using a Structural Equation Modelling approach. Decision Sciences, 28 (2), 309-334.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01313.x

Chapin, J., & Coleman, G. (2017). The cycle of cyberbullying: Some experience required. Retrieved from: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0362331917300319/1-s2.0-S0362331917300319-main.pdf?_tid=1d139c06-605c-11e7-b223-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1499133620_6d4e79fbfd3e109627795f8f0cb69ffb

Coelho, V.A., Sousa, V., Marchante, M., Bras, P., & Ramoa, A.M. (2016). Bullying and cyberbullying in Portugal: Validation of a questionnaire and analysis of prevalence. School Psychology International, 37, 223-239.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034315626609

Del Rey, R., Casas, J.A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Smith, P., Thompson, F., Barkoukis, V., Tsorbatzoudis, H., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Pyzalski, J., & Plichta, P. (2015). Structural validation and cross-cultural robustness of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 141-147.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.065

Digi (2015). Digi cybersafe in school. Retrieved on 11 January 2018, from http://new.digi.com.my/cs/site_template/digi/images/cybersafe/dcpinfographic-bm.jpg

Garaigordobil, M. (2015). Psychometric Properties of the Cyberbullying Test, a Screening Instrument to Measure Cyber-victimization, Cyber-aggression, and Cyberobservation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515600165

Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Seventh Edition. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS System for factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J.W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14, 206-221.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.494133

Kokkinos, C.M., Antoniadou, N., & Markos, A. (20164). Cyber-bullying: An investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35 (3), 204-214.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.04.001

Lam, L.T., & Li, Y. (2013).The validation of the E-Victimisation Scale (E-VS) and the E-Bullying Scale (E-BS) for adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 3-7.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.021

Landoll, R.R., La Greca, A.M., Lai, B.S., Chan, S.F., & Herge, W.M. (2015). Cyber victimisation by peers: Prospective associations with adolescent social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 42, 77-86.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.04.002

Lee, J., Abell, N., & Holmes, J.L. (2015). Validation of measures of cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation in emerging adulthood. Research on Social Work Practice, 27, 456-467.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515578535

Lee, C., & Shin, N. (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 352-358.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.047

Mohamad Salleh, N., & Zainal, K. (2014). Bullying among secondary school students in Malaysia: A case study. International Education Studies, 7 (13), 184-191.

https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n13p184

Nunnally, J.C (1978). Psychometric theory. 2nd Edition. Mc-Graw Hill, New York.

Schenk, A.M., Fremouw, W.J., & Keelan, C.M. (2013). Characteristics of college cyberbullies. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2320-2327.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.013

Segars, A.H., & Grover, V. (1993). Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness: a confirmatory factor analysis. MIS Quarterly, 17 (4), 517-525.

https://doi.org/10.2307/249590

Smith, P.K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49 (4), 376-385.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x

Shapka, J.D., & Maghsoudi, R. (2017). Examining the validity and reliability of the cyber-aggression and cyber-victimisation scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 10-17.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.015

Stewart, R.W., Drescher, C.F., Maack, D.J., Ebesutani, C., & Young, J. (2014). The development and psychometric investigation of the cyberbullying scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 2218-2238.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513517552

Topcu, C., & Erdur-Baker, O. (2010). The Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory (RCBI): validity and reliability studies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 660-664.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.161

Udris, R. (2014). Cyberbullying among high school students in Japan: Development and validation of the Online Disinhibition Scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 253-261.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.036

Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., Vandebosch, H., Erreygers, S., & De Witte, H. (2017). The dark side of working online: Towards a definition and an Emotion Reaction model of workplace cyberbullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 324-334.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.055

Yubero, S., Navarro, R., Elche, M., Larranaga, E., & Ovejero, A. (2017). Cyberbullying victimisation in higher education: An exploratory analysis of its association with social and emotional factors among Spanish students. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 439-449.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.037

Downloads

Published

2019-09-30

How to Cite

Ahmad Ghazali, A. H. ., Abu Samah, A. ., Omar, S. Z. ., Abdullah, H. ., Ahmad, A. ., & Mohamed Shaffril, H. A. . (2019). Development and Validation of an Instrument Measuring Cyberbullying Among Malaysian Youths . Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, 5(2), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.1921.2019