Evaluate Safety Practices of Malaysian Public Universities by using Balanced Scorecard
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.1560.2020Abstract
The aim of this paper is to debate the concept of the balanced scorecard (BSC) and the way it will be used for evaluating the performance of safety practice in Malaysia public universities. This idea paper is especially supported secondary resources on the balanced scorecard published by other researchers. The approach of balanced scorecard model helps to the assessment of quality and safety practice of public universities. It helps public universities to create decisions and to enhance services. It translates the mission and strategy of a security practice into a system of performance indicators. A useful model is proposed that may be adapted with appropriate modifications to evaluate/managing safety practice and organizational performance of public universities in Malaysia. The study may help to those universities, who are seriously inquisitive about evaluating/managing internal safety practice, customer satisfaction, finance of universities and innovation and learning growth.
Keywords: Balanced scorecard; Safety practice; Organizational performance; Malaysian public universities
References
Aetis Heromi, Gnanasageran, Awang Said, S., & Abd Latip, H. (2017). The effectiveness of balanced scorecard implementation in sarawak civil service. Journal of Science International, 29(5), 1039-1041. Retrieved from http://www.sciint.com/pdf/636428223497523670.pd f
Ali, H., Azimah Chew Abdullah, N., & Subramaniam, C. (2009). Management practice in safety culture and its influence on workplace injury: An industrial study in Malaysia. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 18(5), 470-477. https://doi.org/r10.1108/09653560911 003660
https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560911003660
Alolah, T., Stewart, R. A., Panuwatwanich, K., & Mohamed, S. (2014a). Determining the causal relationships among balanced scorecard perspectives on school safety performance: Case of Saudi Arabia. Accident Analysis and Prevention: An International Journal, 68, 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.02. 002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.02.002
Alolah, T., Stewart, R. A., Panuwatwanich, K., & Mohamed, S. (2014b). Developing a comprehensive safety performance evaluation framework for Saudi schools. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(4), 446-476. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-05- 2013-0096
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-05-2013-0096
Alsamadani, R., Hallowell, M., & JavernickWill, A. N. (2013). Measuring and modelling safety communication in small work crews in the US using social network analysis. Journal of Construction Management and Economics, 31(6), 568-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.201 2.685486
https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2012.685486
Arboleda, A., Morrow, P. C., Crum, M. R., & Shelley, M. C. (2003). Management practices as antecedents of safety culture within the trucking industry: similarities and differences by hierarchical level. Journal of Safety Research, 34(2), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022- 4375(02)00071-3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00071-3
Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(3), 267- 285. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.138
https://doi.org/10.1002/job.138
Bakotić, D. (2016). Relationship between job satisfaction and organisational performance. Journal of Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 29(1), 118-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.20 16.1163946
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1163946
Banker, R. D., Potter, G., & Srinivasan, D. (2000). An empirical investigation of an incentive plan that includes nonfinancial performance measures. The Accounting Review, 75(1), 65-92. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2000.75. 1.65
https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2000.75.1.65
Beard, D. F. (2009). Successful Applications of the Balanced Scorecard in Higher Education. Journal of Education for Business, 84(5), 275-282. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEB.84.5.27 5-282 Beriha, G. S.,
https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEB.84.5.275-282
Patnaik, B., & Mahapatra, S. S. (2011). Safety performance evaluation of Indian organizations using data envelopment analysis. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 18(2), 197- 220. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635771111 121676
https://doi.org/10.1108/14635771111121676
Bhattacharya, A., Mohapatra, P., Kumar, V., Dey, P. K., Brady, M., Tiwari, M. K., & Nudurupati, S. S. (2014). Green supply chain performance measurement using fuzzy ANP-based balanced scorecard: a collaborative decisionmaking approach. Journal Production Planning & Control, 25(8), 698-714. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.201 3.798088
https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2013.798088
Biggs, S. E., Banks, T. D., Davey, J. D., & Freeman, J. E. (2013). Safety leaders' perceptions of safety culture in a large Australasian construction organisation. Safety Science, 52, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04. 012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.012
Blau., P. M. (1965). Exchange and power in social life. Social Forces (Vol. 44). Oxford University Press (OUP). https://doi.org/10.2307/2574842
Bluff, E. (2015). Safety in machinery design and construction: Knowledge and performance. Safety Science, 74, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.10. 011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.10.011
Booren, L. M., Handy, D. J., & Power, T. G. (2011). Examining perceptions of school safety strategies, school climate, and violence. Journal of Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 9(2), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/15412040103 74297
https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204010374297
Choudhry, R. M., Fang, D., & Mohamed, S. (2008). Safety management in construction: Best practices in Hong Kong. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 134(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052- 3928(2008)134:1(20)
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2008)134:1(20)
Choudhry, R. M., Fang, D., & Mohamed, S. (2007). The nature of safety culture: A survey of the state-of-the-art. Safety Science, 45(10), 993-1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2006.09. 003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2006.09.003
Chung, C. C., Chao, L. C., Chen, C. H., & Lou, S. J. (2016). A balanced scorecard of sustainable management in the Taiwanese bicycle industry: Development of performance indicators and importance analysis. Sustainability, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060518
https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060518
Cohen, A. (1977). Factors in successful occupational safety programs. J. Saf. Res. 9, 168-178. Cooper, K. P., & Lindley, D. (2015). Global safety culture, or strategic chains of co-operation? Journal Safety and Reliability 35(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09617353.201 5.11691034
https://doi.org/10.1080/09617353.2015.11691034
Cooper, M., & Cotton, D. (2000). Safety training - a special case? Journal of European Industrial Training, 24(9), 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590010 358205
https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590010358205
Cooper, M. D., & Phillips, R. A. (2004). Exploratory analysis of the safety climate and safety behavior relationship. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 497- 512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.08.0 04
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.08.004
Buttigieg, Sandra (Alexandra) & Rathert, C., & Eiff, W., V. (2015). International Best Practices in Health Care Management. Book in Advances in Health Care Management 17, 195-219. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474- 8231201517
https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-823120140000017021
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An Interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063052 79602
https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
DeJoy, D. M., Della, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Wilson, M. G. (2010). Making work safer: Testing a model of social exchange and safety management. Journal of Safety Research, 41(2), 163- 171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2010.02.0 01
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2010.02.001
DeJoy, D. M., Schaffer, B. S., Wilson, M. G., Vandenberg, R. J., & Butts, M. M. (2004). Creating safer workplaces: Assessing the determinants and role of safety climate. Journal of Safety Research, 35(1), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2003.09.0 18
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2003.09.018
Department of Health Organisational Health. (2014). Implementing a work health and safety training and development framework. Retrieved from https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/ assets/pdf_file/0032/397229/qh-imp401-2-1.pdf
Desa, A. F. N., Habidin, N. F., Hibadullah, S. N., Mohd Fuzi, N., & Mohd Zamri, F. I. (2013). The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Administration Practices (OSHAP) and OHSAS 18001 efforts in Malaysian Automotive Industry. Journal of Applied Science and Research, 1(1), 47-59.
Habidin, N. F., Hibadullah, S. N., Fuzi, N. M., & Zamri, F. I. M. (2013). Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Practices and OSHA Performance in Malaysia Automative Industry. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 4(1), 1-15.
Dessler, G. (1999). How to Earn Your Employees' Commitment. The Academy of Management Executive, 13(2), 58- 67. https://doi.org/10.5465/AME.1999.18 99549
https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1999.1899549
Díaz-Cabrera, D., Hernández-Fernaud, E., & Isla-Díaz, R. (2007). An evaluation of a new instrument to measure organisational safety culture values and practices. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(6), 1202-1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.03. 005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.03.005
Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P., & DavisLaMastro, V. (1990). Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.75.1.51
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.1.51
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.71.3.500
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
El-nagar, R., Hosny, H., & Askar, H. S. (2015). Development of a Safety Performance Index for Construction Projects in Egypt. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 3(5), 182-192. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-3-5-5
Farouk, U. K. (2017). The relationship between management's commitment and effective safety and health committees in Malaysia. Employee Relations, 39(2), 204-222. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2014- 0089
https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2014-0089
Fitzgerald, M. K. (2005). Safety Performance Improvement Through Culture Change. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 83(4), 324-330. https://doi.org/10.1205/psep.04381
https://doi.org/10.1205/psep.04381
Geldart, S., Smith, C. A., Shannon, H. S., & Lohfeld, L. (2010). Organizational practices and workplace health and safety: A cross-sectional study in manufacturing companies. Safety Science, 48(5), 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.01. 004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.01.004
Glendon, A., & Litherland, (2001). Safety climate factors, group differences and safety behaviour in road construction. Safety Science, 39(3), 157-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925- 7535(01)00006-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(01)00006-6
Grabowski, M., Ayyalasomayajula, P., Merrick, J., Harrald, J. R., & Roberts, K. (2007). Leading indicators of safety in virtual organizations. Safety Science, 45(10), 1013-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2006.09. 007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2006.09.007
Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The Norm of Reciprocity. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
Griffin, M. A., & Curcuruto, M. (2016). Safety climate in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 191-212. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062414
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062414
Habidin, N. F., Khaidir, N. A., Shazali, N. A., Ali, N., & Jamaludin, N. H. (2015). The development of process innovation and organisational performance in Malaysian healthcare industry. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 9(2), 148. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2015.06 7913
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2015.067913
Habidin, N. F., Yusof, M., Omar, B., Syed, S. I., & Janudin, S. E. (2012). A proposed strategic balanced scorecard model: strategic control system and organizational performance in malaysian automotive industry. Journal of Business and Management, 1(6), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X0163944
https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-0163944
Hassan, N. H. C., Makhtar, N. K., Ismail, A. R., Sulaiman, M. A., Subki, N. S., Hamzah, N. A, Ismail S., Khidzir, N.Z., Daud, K.A.M., Ali, M. F. M. (2018). A Survey on Occupational Safety and Health Awareness Among School Teachers in Kelantan, Malaysia. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 605(1), 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 60828-0_15
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60828-0_15
Håvold, J. I., & Nesset, E. (2009). From safety culture to safety orientation: Validation and simplification of a safety orientation scale using a sample of seafarers working for Norwegian ship owners. Safety Science, 47(3), 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.05. 002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.05.002
Henri, J. F. (2006). Organizational culture and performance measurement systems. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 31(1), 77-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2004.10. 003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2004.10.003
Hofmann, D. A., Morgeson, F. P., & Gerras, S. J. (2003). Climate as a moderator of the relationship between leadermember exchange and content specific citizenship: Safety climate as an exemplar. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 170-178. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.88.1.170
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.170
Hopwood, A. G. (1972). An empirical study of the role of accounting data in performance evaluation. Journal of Accounting Research 10, 156-182. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2489870.pdf
https://doi.org/10.2307/2489870
Hoque, Z., & James, W. (2000). Linking balanced scorecard measures to size and market factors: impact on organizational performance. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 12(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2000.12. 1.1
https://doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2000.12.1.1
Humphreys, J. S. (2007). Health and Safety at Work Act 1974: is it too late to teach an old dog new tricks? JournalPolicy and Practice in Health and Safety, 5(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.200 7.11667686 Iicba,
https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2007.11667686
U. (2018). School safety manual Tools for teachers. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002613/261350e.pdf
Institution of Occupational Safety. (2012). Promoting a Positive culture. Institution of
Occupational Safety and Health Review, 15. Retrieved from https://www.iosh.co.uk/News/Promoting-a-positive-culture.aspx
International Atomic Energy Agency. (2016). General Safety Requirements Part 2 - Leadership and Management for Quality. IAEA Safety Standards, 26. Retrieved from http://wwwns.iaea.org/standards
Ittner, C. D., & Larcker, D. F. (1998). Are Nonfinancial Measures Leading Indicators of Financial Performance? An Analysis of Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Accounting Research, 36, 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491304
https://doi.org/10.2307/2491304
Jaafar, S., Choong, W. W., & Mohamed, A. H. (2017). Facilities maintenance employees' priority of safety management practices. Facilities, 35(5/6), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1108/F03-2015-0012
https://doi.org/10.1108/F-03-2015-0012
Jusoh, R., & Parnell, J. A. (2008). Competitive strategy and performance measurement in the Malaysian context. Management Decision, 46(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810 846716
https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810846716
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1992). The balanced scorecard: measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review 70, no. 1 (January-February 1992): 71-79. (Reprint #92105.)
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1996). Using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management system. Harvard Business Review, 74(1), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0840- 4704(10)60668-0
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1996a). Linking the balanced scorecard to strategy. California Management Review, 39(1), 53-79. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165876
https://doi.org/10.2307/41165876
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1996b). The balanced scorecard: translating strategy into action. Proceedings of the IEEE, 85(9), 1509-1510. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.1997. 628729
https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.1997.628729
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2001). Transforming the balanced scorecard from performance measurement to strategic management: Part II. Accounting Horizons, 15(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2001.15. 2.147
https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2001.15.2.147
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2008). Conceptual Foundations of the Balanced Scorecard. Handbooks of Management Accounting Research, 3, 1253- 1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1751- 3243(07)03003-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1751-3243(07)03003-9
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2010). The Execution Premium: Linking Strategy to Operations for Competitive Advantage. The Accounting Review, 85(4), 1475-1477. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85. 4.1475 Kew, R. (1997). Successful health and safety management (Second edition). Crown copyrigh. Retrieved from http://www.mtpinnacle.com/pdfs/HROHS.pdf
https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.4.1475
Khan, H. Z., Halabi, A. K., & Khan, M. R. (2011). Non-Financial Performance Measures - Organizational Performance Relationship in the Bangladeshi Firms: The Moderator Role of Environmental Uncertainty and Corporate Culture. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1965612
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1965612
Kontogiannis, T., Leva, M. C., & Balfe, N. (2017). Total Safety Management: Principles, processes and methods. Safety Science, 100, 128-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.09. 015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.09.015
Kozlenkova, I. V., Samaha, S. A., & Palmatier, R. W. (2014). Resource-based theory in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42(1), 1- 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747- 013-0336-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-013-0336-7
Kull, A. J., Mena, J. A., & Korschun, D. (2016). A resource-based view of stakeholder marketing. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5553- 5560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016. 03.063
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.063
Levin, J. L., Gilmore, K., Shepherd, S., Wickman, A., Carruth, A., Nalbone, J. T., Nonnenmann, M. W. (2010). Factors influencing safety among a group of commercial fishermen along the Texas Gulf coast. Journal of Agromedicine, 15(4), 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.20 10.509701
https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2010.509701
Lingaswaran, Fadly, N., Suwardi, M., & Rasikumari. (2019). Safety Practices Evaluation Conceptual Model for Malaysian Public Universities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 785-815. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9- i5/6008
Liu, X., Huang, G., Huang, H., Wang, S., Xiao, Y., & Chen, W. (2015). Safety climate, safety behavior, and worker injuries in the Chinese manufacturing industry. Safety Science, 78, 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04. 023
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.023
Lund, J., & Aarø, L. E. (2004). Accident prevention. Presentation of a model placing emphasis on human, structural and cultural factors. Safety Science 42(4), 271-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925- 7535(03)00045-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00045-6
Martin, M. (2017). Effective Use of Information Technology for Performance Management in Zambian Government Institutions. Retrieved from www.worldscientificnews.com
McNair, C. J., Lynch, R. L., & Cross, K. F. (1990). Do Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Measures Have to Agree? Management Accounting, 72(5), 28. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/2 29739909?accountid=13598
Mearns, K., Hope, L., Ford, M. T., & Tetrick, L. E. (2010). Investment in workforce health: Exploring the implications for workforce safety climate and commitment. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1445-1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.0 09
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.009
Mearns, K., & Ivar Håvold, J. (2003). Occupational health and safety and the balanced scorecard. The TQM Magazine, 15(6), 408-423. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780310 502741
https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780310502741
Mearns, K., Whitaker, S. M., & Flin, R. (2003). Safety climate, safety management practice and safety performance in offshore environments. Safety Science, 41(8), 641-680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925- 7535(02)00011-5
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(02)00011-5
Michael, J. H., Evans, D. D., Jansen, K. J., & Haight, J. M. (2005). Management commitment to safety as organizational support: Relationships with non-safety outcomes in wood manufacturing employees. Journal of Safety Research, 36(2), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2005.03.0 02
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2005.03.002
Ministry of Finance Malaysia. (2017). Anggaran Perbelanjaan Pembangunan MOHE Persekutuan 2018, 497-509.
Ministry of Human Resources. (2015). occupational safety and health master plan for malaysia 2015.
Mohd Haizam B Mohd Saudi. (2016). The Effect of Organizational Culture: The Case of A Malaysian Service Organization From Balance Scorecard Perspectives. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 10(2). Retrieved from http://ijbel.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/10/K10_33.pdf
Morrow, S. L., Kenneth Koves, G., & Barnes, V. E. (2014). Exploring the relationship between safety culture and safety performance in U.S. nuclear power operations. Safety Science, 69, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.02. 022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.02.022
Nair, M. (2004). Essentials of balanced scorecard. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/97811183867 74
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118386774
National Statistics. (2018). Education statistics in Great Britain, 2018. Great Britain: the Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved from www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/industry/education.pdf
Nie, B., Huang, X., Xue, F., Chen, J., Liu, X., Meng, Y., & Huang, J. (2017). A comparative study of vocational education and occupational safety and health training in China and the UK. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 24(2), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.201 6.1270042
https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1270042
Nørreklit, H. (2003). The Balanced Scorecard: what is the score? A rhetorical analysis of the Balanced Scorecard. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(6), 591-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361- 3682(02)00097-1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00097-1
OSHA. (2014). Health & Safety Orientation Guide for Employers. Retrieved from https://www.worksafenb.ca/media/1227/worksafenborientationguide_e-1.pdf
OSHA. (2015). OSHA Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines. Retrieved from www.osha.gov
OSHA. (2016). Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs. Retrieved from www.osha.gov/shpguidelinesOSHA3885
Pineno, C. J. (2004). Balanced Scorecard Applications and Model Building: A Survey and Comparison of the Manufactured Homes and Motor Homes Industries. Management Accounting Quarterly, 6(1), 21-28.
Kaufman, B. R., Cigularov, K. P., Chen, P., Hoffmeister, K., Gibbons, A. M., & Johnson, S. K. (2014). Interactive effects of leader justice and support for safety on safety performance.
Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 1(3), 296-315. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-05- 2014-0023
Redinger, C., Dotson, K., & Leibowitz, A. (2011). Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. In Patty's Industrial Hygiene. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.h yg049.pub2
https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.hyg049.pub2
Robson, L. S., Clarke, J. A., Cullen, K., Bielecky, A., Severin, C., Bigelow, P. L., Mahood, Q. (2007). The effectiveness of occupational health and safety management system interventions: A systematic review. Safety Science, 45(3), 329-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2006.07. 003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2006.07.003
Rodello, Ildeberto & Pádua, Silvia. (2014). Performance measurement of information technology governance in brazilian financial institutions. Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 11(2). 379-414. https://doi.org/10.4301/S1807- 17752014000200010
https://doi.org/10.4301/S1807-17752014000200010
Sacks, R., Perlman, A., & Barak, R. (2013). Construction safety training using immersive virtual reality. Construction Management and Economics, 31(9), 1005-1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.201 3.828844
https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2013.828844
Saudi, M. H. B. M. (2014). The effects of the performance management system and the organisational culture on the employee's attitude in Malaysian government statutory bodies: a case study of Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA). Retrieved from https://epubs.scu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1390&context=theses
Saudi, M. H. M. (2017). The effect of performance management system implementation: the case of a malaysian service organisation. Australasian Journal of Business, Social Science and Information Technology 2. Retrieved from http://www.ajbssit.net.au/index.php/AJBSSIT/article/view/9/9
Shabudin, K. H. Bin. (2012). Investigating the influence of safety behavior on safety performance: a case study among employees of pusat perubatan Universiti Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur. Storey, A. (2002). Performance management in schools: Could the Balanced Scorecard help? School Leadership and Management, 22(3), 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430220 00020435
https://doi.org/10.1080/1363243022000020435
Subramaniam, C., Mohd. Shamsudin, F., Mohd Zin, M., Sri Ramalu, S. and Hassan, Z. (2016). Safety management practices and safety compliance in small-medium enterprises: Mediating role of safety participation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 8(3), 226-244. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-02- 2016-0029
https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-02-2016-0029
Thomas, M. J.W. (2012). A systematic review of the effectiveness of safety management systems, 46. Retrieved from http://www.atsb.gov.au/media/4053559/xr2011002_final.pdf
Tonge, R., Larsen, P., & Pepper, J. (2000). Balanced scorecards and the FTSE 100: exploratory research. International Journal of Business Performance Management, 2(4), 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBPM.2000.0 00085
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBPM.2000.000085
Toppazzini, M. A., & Wiener, K. K. K. (2017). Making workplaces safer: The influence of organisational climate and individual differences on safety behaviour. Heliyon, 3(6), e00334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00334
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00334
UhlBien, M. & J. M. M. (2003). Reciprocity in Manager-Subordinate Relationships: Components, Configurations, and Outcomes. Journal of Management, 29(4), 511-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149- 2063(03)00023-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063_03_00023-0
Umayal Karpagam, P. L., & Suganthi, L. (2013). Performance measurement of organisations: A review of balanced scorecard technique. International Journal of Business Performance Management, 14(2), 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBPM.2013.0 52940
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBPM.2013.052940
Upadhaya, B., Munir, R., & Blount, Y. (2014). Association between performance measurement systems and organisational effectiveness. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 34(7), 853-875. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-02- 2013-0091
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-02-2013-0091
Vollenhoven, N. E. N. and W. J. van. (2002). School safety in rural schools: Are schools as safe as we think they are? South African Journal of Education, 22(4), 313-318.
Wadsworth, E., & Smith, A. (2009). Safety culture, advice and performance. Journal Policy and Practice in Health and Safety 7(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.200 9.11667726
https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2009.11667726
Wu, H. Y., Lin, Y. K., & Chang, C. H. (2011). Performance evaluation of extension education centers in universities based on the balanced scorecard. Evaluation and Program Planning, 34(1), 37-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.06.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.06.001
, C., Wang, Y., Chang, S., Guo, S., & Huang, M. (2010). A Study on the Leadership Behavior, Safety Culture, and Safety Performance of the Healthcare Industry. International Journal of Behavioral, Cognitive, Educational, and Psychological Sciences, 2, 87-94.
Yüksel, H., & Coşkun, A. (2013). Strategy Focused Schools: An Implementation of the Balanced Scorecard in Provision of Educational Services. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 106, 2450-2459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013. 12.282 Zahoor, H., Chan,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.282
A. P. C., Utama, W. P., & Gao, R. (2015). A Research Framework for Investigating the Relationship between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in the Construction of Multi-storey Buildings in Pakistan. Procedia Engineering, 118, 581- 589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.488
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.488
Zapata, D., Gomez, T., Viveros, A., Meyers, & Troidl, J. (1998). The california agricultural safety and health education training (Cal ASET) project. Journal of Agromedicine, 5(2), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1300/J096v05n02_0 9
https://doi.org/10.1300/J096v05n02_09
Zhang, S., Teizer, J., Lee, J.-K., Eastman, C. M., & Venugopal, M. (2013). Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Safety: Automatic Safety Checking of Construction Models and Schedules. Automation in Construction, 29, 183- 195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012. 05.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012.05.006
Žiković, S. (2015). The role of occupational safety and health specialist in safety promotion and implementation? case study. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 22(2), 177-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.201 3.877938
https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2013.877938
Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.65.1.96
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.96
Zwetsloot, G. (2001). The management of innovation by frontrunner companies in environmental management and health and safety. Environmantal Management, 12(2), 207-214.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09566160110389942
Zwetsloot, G. (2001). The management of innovation by frontrunner companies in environmental management and health and safety. Environmental Management and Health, 12(2), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566160110 389942
https://doi.org/10.1108/09566160110389942
Zwetsloot, G., Leka, S., & Kines, P. (2017). Vision zero: From accident prevention to the promotion of health, safety and well-being at work. Policy and Practice in Health and Safety, 15(2), 88- 100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14773996.201 7.130870
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
4) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
5) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
