Abstract
Mastering academic vocabulary is crucial for post-secondary English as a Second Language (ESL) learners as academic language plays a key role in their academic success. However, many Malaysian ESL learners struggle to acquire and use academic vocabulary effectively, often due to the limitations of traditional instructional approaches. This study examines the effect of a web-based learning resource on the learning of academic vocabulary among 33 pre-university ESL learners from a Centre of Foundation Studies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A one-group pre-test post-test research design was employed over an eight-week intervention programme. Results, analysed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, revealed an improvement that was statistically significant in academic vocabulary scores (z = -4.25, p < 0.005) with a large effect size (r = 0.52). Key features of the web-based resource, which include sentence-writing activities, explicit instruction, and a flexible learning environment, have likely contributed to these outcomes. This study showcases the potential effectiveness of web-based learning tools in enhancing the learning of academic vocabulary among post-secondary ESL students by offering engaging and interactive learning opportunities.
References
Abmanan, N. A., Azizan, N., & Nasir, N. F. W. M. (2017). Receptive and productive vocabulary level of diploma students from a public university in Malaysia. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7(1S), 53–59.
Aldawsari, H. (2017). The challenges of learning academic vocabulary among postgraduate Saudi students at New Zealand universities [Master’s thesis, Auckland University of Technology]. The AUT Research Repository. https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/10754/AldawsariH.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
Alhujaylan, H. (2021). Academic vocabulary acquisition in web-based learning environment. The Asian ESP Journal, 17(3.1), 32–57. https://www.asian-esp-journal.com/esp-march-2020-17-3-1/
Ali, Z. (2018). Evaluating the use of hot potatoes in learning academic word list. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 253-257. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.25.17557
Al-Jarf, R. (2022). Online vocabulary tasks for engaging and motivating EFL college students in distance during the pandemic and post-pandemic. International Journal of English Language Studies, 4(1), 14-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2022.4.1.2
Al-Johali, K. Y. E. (2019). Teaching vocabulary through Wiki to first secondary graders. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p42
Alsahafi, M. (2023). The relationship between depth of academic English vocabulary knowledge and academic success of second language university students. SAGE Open, 13(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231153342
Altiner, C. (2019). Integrating a computer-based flashcard program into academic vocabulary learning. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 18(1), 44-62. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1201649.pdf
Amir, M. M., & Sulaiman, N. A. (2024). Academic vocabulary knowledge among Malaysian ESL undergraduates. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 14(9), 181-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i9/22468
Ankeny, R. (2019). Interweaving technology and language goals to promote academic vocabulary: The role of WhatsApp in an intensive English classroom. TESOL Journal, 10(3), 8-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.457
Ashcroft, R. J., Cvitkovic, R., & Praver, M. (2018). Digital flashcard L2 Vocabulary learning out-performs traditional flashcards at lower proficiency levels: A mixed-methods study of 139 Japanese university students. The EuroCALL Review, 26(1), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2018.7881
Aswad, M., Yassi, A. H., Pammu, A., Nasmilah, N., & Gashti, Z. R. (2022). An account of teaching vocabulary to Indonesian EFL learners through Web-Based Language Instruction (WLI): Attitude in focus. Education Research International, 2022(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1660055
August, D., Uccelli, P., Artzi, L., Barr, C., & Francis, D. J. (2020). English learners’ acquisition of academic vocabulary: Instruction matters, but so do word characteristics. Reading Research Quarterly, 56(3), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.323
Aziz, R. A., Supian, S.H., Sukor,F. S. A., & Nikman, K. (2021). Measuring lexical richness in the writings of ESL learners at a tertiary institution in Malaysia. GADING (Online) Journal for Social Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pahang, 24(4), 101-108. https://gadingssuitm.com/index.php/gadingss/article/view/268/263
Bashori, M., van Hout, R., Strik, H., & Cucchiarini, C. (2021). Effects of ASR-based websites on EFL learners’ vocabulary, speaking anxiety, and language enjoyment. System, 99, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SYSTEM.2021.102496
Beck, I., McKeown, M., & Kucan, L. (2013). Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Brown, C., & Payne, M. E. (1994, March). Five essential steps of processes in vocabulary learning [Paper presentation]. TESOL Convention, Baltimore, MD, United States.
Cantos, K. F. S., Coello, M. B. B., & Pintado, J. A. C. (2023). Using online tools in teaching English as a foreign language. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 7(5), 5783-5794. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v7i5.8176
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Routledge.
Conroy, R. M. (2021). The RCSI sample size handbook: A rough guide. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.
Cook, T., & Campbell, D. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Houghton Mifflin.
Coolican, H. (2013). Research methods and statistics in psychology (5th ed.). Routledge.
Coxhead, A. (2000). A new academic word list. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2), 213-238. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587951
Coxhead, A. (2021). Vocabulary in English in tertiary contexts: Connecting research and learning. Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 14(1), 1-14. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1284507.pdf
Creswell, J. W., & Guetterman, T.C. (2021). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Education.
Dang, T. N. Y. (2022). Vocabulary in academic lectures. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 58(3), 101-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2022.101123
Dizon, G. (2016). Quizlet in the EFL classroom: Enhancing academic vocabulary acquisition of Japanese university students. Teaching English with Technology, 16(2), 40-56.
Faraj, A. K. A. (2015). Effective strategies for turning receptive vocabulary into productive vocabulary in EFL context. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(27), 10-19. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1077387.pdf
Farjami, F. (2018). A pathological analysis of barriers to vocabulary learning and teaching. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 10(4), 350-354. https://doi.org/10.18844/ijlt.v10i4.607
Fayaz, S., & Ameri-golestan, A. (2016). Impact of blended learning, web-based learning and traditional classroom learning on vocabulary acquisition on Iranian EFL Learners. Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), 6(1), 244–255.
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Fisal, F. A. M. & Said, N. E. M. (2023). ESL pre-university learners’ needs analysis for web-based English academic vocabulary learning resource. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(4), 195-216. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.4.12
Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., & Richler, J. J. (2012). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024338
Gallagher, M. A., Barber, A. T., Beck, J. S., & Buehl, M. M. (2019). Academic vocabulary: Explicit and incidental instruction for students of diverse Language backgrounds. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 35(2), 84-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2018.1510796
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Guo, Z., Liu, Z., Ge, S., & Li, Y. (2023). Effectiveness of contextualized micro-lessons in the acquisition of college English vocabulary. International Journal of English Language, Education and Literature Studies (IJEEL), 2(4), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeel.2.4.2
Hajebi, M., Taheri, S., Fahandezh, F., & Salari, H. (2018). The role of web-based language teaching on vocabulary retention of adult pre-intermediate EFL learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 9(2), 372-378. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0902.20
Hussain, Z. (2018). The effects of ICT-based learning on students’ vocabulary mastery in junior high schools in Bandung. International Journal of Education, 10(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.17509/ije.v10i2.7592
Ibrahim, E. H. E., Muhamad, A. J., & Esa, Z. (2019). A comparison of lexical richness in L2 written productions. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 14(20), 174-181. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i20.11467
Kassim, A., Kassim, H., Alwi, N., Nordin, M., & Rahim, M. (2024). A systematic literature review of web-based tools application in ESL and EFL writing classes. International Journal of Language Education and Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijleal.v14i1.10259
Kaur, N. (2020). Metacognitive awareness in lexical learning among Malaysian students. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 9(3), 161-171. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.23.2020.93.161.171
Khalilova, K. (2023). Academic vocabulary: How to teach and study it. Modern Science and Research, 2(9), 79-83. Retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/science-research/article/view/23902
Khan, A. N. S. O., & Ariffin, K. (2023). The relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary level among Malaysian English major undergraduates. AJELP: Asian Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 11(1), 82-96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37134/ajelp.vol11.1.6.2023
Knežević, L., Županec, V., & Radulović, B. (2020). Flipping the classroom to enhance academic vocabulary learning in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) Course. SAGE Open, 10(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020957052
Kremmel, B., & Schmitt, N. (2017). Vocabulary levels test. The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, 5, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0499
Krishan, I. A., Ching, H. S., Ramalingam, S., Maruthai, E., Kandasamy, P., Mello, G. De, Munian, S., & Ling, W. W. (2020). Challenges of learning English in 21st century: Online vs. traditional during Covid-19. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(9), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v5i9.494
Lawrence, J. F., Knoph, R., McIlraith, A., Kulesz, P. A., & Francis, D. J. (2022). Reading comprehension and academic vocabulary: Exploring relations of item features and reading proficiency. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(2), 669-690. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.434
Lee, B.C., Tan, D.A.L., Kaur, M. M. S., & Malini, G. (2017). The significance of the academic word list among ESL tertiary students in a Malaysian public university. 3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 23(4), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2017-2304-05
Li, J., Cummins, J., & Deng, Q. (2017). The effectiveness of texting to enhance academic vocabulary learning: English language learners’ perspective. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(8), 816-843. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2017.1366923
Ma, Q. (2015). A process-focused learning model for L2 vocabulary acquisition. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 166(1), 127-162. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.166.1.04ang
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/ACA.ACA_157_18
Mohammadi, M., Valizadeh, M., Jalal, P. Z., & Xodabande, I. (2024). University students’ academic vocabulary development through mobile-assisted learning: Exploring the impacts on receptive and productive knowledge. Heliyon, 10(7), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28103
Mundir, Ahmed, A. A. A., Keezhatta, M. S., Amal, B. K., Sharma, S., Shanan, A. J., Ali, M. H., & Haidari, M. M. F. (2022). The comparative effect of online instruction, flipped instruction, and traditional instruction on developing Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge. Education Research International, 2022(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6242062
Nation, I. S. P. (2022). Learning vocabulary in another language (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009093873
Nation, P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524759
Nhan, L. K. (2024). Advantages and barriers in online ESL learning environment: A review of literature. International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS), 7(2), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v7i2p108
Othman, J. (2024). Academic vocabulary learning in EMI classrooms: Challenges and strategies. Arab World English Journal, 15(2), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol15no2.1
Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A sStep by step guide to data analysiss using SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill Open University Press.
Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (6th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
Pichette, F., Serres, L. de, & Lafontaine, M. (2012). Sentence reading and writing for second language vocabulary acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 33(1), 66-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amr037
Rosenthal, R. (1991). Applied social research methods: Meta-analytic procedures for social research. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984997
Sani, L., & Mohamad, M. (2023). Exploring the theory, benefits, and challenges of mobile web-based learning (MWBL) for English as a second language (ESL) learners. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(3), 1093-1101. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v12-i3/19003
Schmitt, N. (2008). Review article: Instructed second language vocabulary learning. Language Teaching Research, 12(3), 329-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168808089921
Schmitt, N. (2010). Researching vocabulary: A vocabulary research manual. Palgrave Macmillan.
Schmitt, N., Schmitt, D., & Clapham, C. (2001). Developing and exploring the behaviour of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Testing, 18(1), 55-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/026553220101800103
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2001). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.
Shamsan, M.A.A., Ali, J.K.M. & Hezam, T.A. (2021). Online learning amid COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of vocabulary learning strategies. Arab World English Journal, 1, 281-294. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/covid.21
Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (Complete Samples). Biometrika, 52(3/4), 591-611. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591
Shi, W., & Li, W. (2021). The exploration of academic English vocabulary teaching model based on POA. Scholars International Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 4(1), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.36348/sijll.2021.v04i01.002
Simanjuntak, R. R. (2020). Learning specific academic vocabulary using MALL: Experience from Computer Science students. Teaching English with Technology, 20(5), 87-107.
Skjelde, K. M., & Coxhead, A. (2020). Mind the gap: Academic vocabulary knowledge as a predictor of English grades. Acta Didactica Norden, 14(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5617/adno.7975
Srivani, V., Hariharasudan, A., Nawaz, N., & Ratajczak, S. (2022). Impact of education 4.0 among engineering students for learning English language. PLoS ONE, 17(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261717
Sulaiman, N. A., Salehuddin, K., & Khairuddin, R. (2018). Academic word list knowledge of Malaysian ESL undergraduates. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 18(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2018-1804-01
Sulaiman, N. A., Salehuddin, K., & Khairuddin, R. (2020). Reading English academic texts: Evidence from ESL undergraduates’ eye movement data. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 26(1), 60-78. http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2020-2601-05
Tahir, M. H. M., Albakri, I. S. M. A., Khalid, P. Z. M., Mokhtar, M. M., Zaini, M. F., & Yusoff, M. Z. N. M. (2021a). A review of explicit vocabulary instructions for ESL learners during COVID-19 pandemic. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(8), 384-393. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i8.961
Tahir, M., Shah, D., Shak, M., Albakri, I., & Adnan, A. (2021b). Explicit vocabulary instruction: Effects of vocabulary learning on form two ESL learners. Studies in English Language and Education, 8(3), 1227-1247. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i3.19539
Tan, A. W. L. (2018). Improving the academic vocabulary of tertiary learners through direct vocabulary instruction with gamification [Doctoral dissertation, Wawasan Open University].
Tan, A. W. L., & Goh, L. H. (2020). Comparing the effectiveness of direct vocabulary instruction and incidental vocabulary learning in improving the academic vocabulary of Malaysian tertiary students. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, 28(S2), 263-279.
Teng, M., & Xu, J. (2022). Pushing vocabulary knowledge from receptive to productive mastery: Effects of task type and repetition frequency. Language Teaching Research, 29(2), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221077028
Therova, D. (2021). A case study of academic vocabulary in a novice student’s writing at a UK university. Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics (JELTL), 6(3), 557–577. https://doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v6i3.609
Vu, T.T. (2021). EFL teaching and learning via Zoom during COVID-19: Impacts of students’ engagement on vocabulary range and reading comprehension skills. English as a Foreign Language International Journal, 1(2), 79-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.56498/71122021
Wei, L. (2021). Teaching academic vocabulary to English language learners (ELLs). Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 11(12), 1507-1514. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1112.01
Xing, P., & Fulcher, G. (2007). Reliability assessment for two versions of vocabulary levels tests. System, 35(2), 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SYSTEM.2006.12.009
Xodabande, I., & Atai, M. R. (2020). Using mobile applications for self-directed learning of academic vocabulary among university students. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-learning, 37(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2020.1847061
Xodabande, I., Iravi, Y., Mansouri, B., & Matinparsa, H. (2022). Teaching academic words with digital flashcards: Investigating the effectiveness of mobile-assisted vocabulary learning for university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.893821
Zai, F. Y. (2023). The impact of vocabulary learning methods on students’ vocabulary application skills. English Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies, 5(4), 206-217. https://doi.org/10.22158/eltls.v5n4p206
Zarrati, Z., Zohrabi, M., Abedini, H., & Xodabande, I. (2024). Learning academic vocabulary with digital flashcards: Comparing the outcomes from computers and smartphones. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100900
Zhang, X. (2021). Preparing first-year college students’ academic transition: What is the value of complementary web-based learning? Computers & Education, 172. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104265
Zucker, T. A., Cabell, S. Q., & Pico, D. L. (2021). Going nuts for words: Recommendations for teaching young students’ academic vocabulary. The Reading Teacher, 74(5), 581-594. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1967

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 UNIMAS Publisher

