Mandarin Language Learning Anxiety Among Non-Chinese Learners: A Case of Universiti Teknologi MARA
非华裔生汉语学习焦虑调查 ——以玛拉工艺大学为例
Abstract
Learning Mandarin as a foreign language or third language can be very difficult for non-Chinese learners. In the process of learning Mandarin, non-Chinese learners may experience certain level of foreign language anxiety. The objectives of this study are to investigate Mandarin language anxiety level and its associated factors among non-Chinese learners. This study involved 221 non-Chinese learners who enrolled in Introductory Mandarin Language in Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sarawak. The instrument for this study included the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) developed by Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1986). The collected data were analysed using Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) 22. The results of the study indicated that most of the non-Chinese learners experienced a moderate level of anxiety while learning Mandarin. The main factor that contributed to their language anxiety was communication apprehension, followed by fear of negative evaluation and test anxiety.
References
韩程峰. (2009). 外语学习焦虑调适和自我效能感的培养. 基础英语教育, 11(4), 49-53.
郝秋兰. (2014). 土库曼斯坦预科留学生汉语学习焦虑研究（硕士论文）. 华中师范大学, 武汉, 中国.
何珊. (2014). 外国留学生汉语学习焦虑研究. 云南师范大学学报（对外汉语教学及研究版）, 12(2), 61-69.
李洪波., & 刘莉. (2008). 浅谈外语学习中的语言焦虑问题. 辽宁师专学报（社会科学版）, 4, 102-105.
李宁. (2013). 留学生汉语学习焦虑问题研究（硕士论文）. 广西大学 , 广西, 中国.
李贤伟., & 王鑫. (2003). 语言焦虑对外语学习的影响. 黑龙江高教研究, 6, 155-156.
李小花. (2012). 藏族学生外语课堂焦虑调查研究. 青海师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）, 34(3), 146-149.
刘松浩. (2010). 第二语言习得导论--对外汉语教学视角. 北京：世界图书出版公司.
彭虹. (2012). 泰国初中生汉语学习焦虑状况以及成因研究（硕士论文）. 广西大学， 广西，中国.
钱旭菁. (1999). 外国留学生学习汉语时的焦虑. 语言教学与研究, 2, 144-154.
史利红. (2014). 大学生网络英语学习自我效能感与外语学习焦虑和归因的关系研究. 北京印刷学院学报, 5, 54-59.
唐美玲. (2006). 外语学习焦虑研究及其对外语教学的启示. 美中教育评论, 3(6), 44-48.
王银泉., & 万玉书. (2001). 外语学习焦虑及其对外语学习的影响--国外相关研究概述. 外语教学与研究（外国语文双月刊）, 33(2), 122-126.
徐勰., & 李敬梅. (2015). 高校单招生外语学习焦虑之调查研究. 南京晓庄学院学报, 3, 107-110.
杨利娟. (2010). 泰国留学生汉语学习焦虑研究（硕士论文）. 西南大学, 重庆, 中国.
杨文滢., & 章明明. (2003). 语言焦虑与教师的调控. 广州：广州大学学报（社会科学版）, 2(5), 29-31.
张莉. (2006). 课堂内外语学习焦虑的决定因素的实证研究. US-China Foreign Language, 4(2), 57-61.
周凤敏. (2013). 初中生英语学习焦虑对学习成绩的影响. 基础英语教育, 15(5), 3-7.
周海燕. (2007). 外语学习中的焦虑情感因素. 孝感学院学报, 27(4), 99-101.
赵维伦., & 刘丰. (2011). 学前儿童外语学习焦虑探析. 教育与教学研究, 25(8), 125-128.
Aida, Y. (1994). Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope's construct of foreign language anxiety: The case of students of Japanese. The Modern Language Journal, 78(2), 155-168.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1994.tb02026.x
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. A. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125-132.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x
Matsuda, S., & Gobel, P. (2001). Quiet apprehension: Reading and classroom anxieties. JALT Journal, 23, 227-274.
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
