The Shrinking Paddy Farms and the Bidayuh Women Rice Farmers: What Has/Have Changed?
Keywords:
Bidayuh, farmers, feminization of agriculture, paddy farm, womenAbstract
This article critically evaluates factor(s) contributing to the declining rice farms, cultivation, and production among the Bidayuh communities. This is especially with women’s roles in rice production or cultivation within this unique ethnic group of Sarawak. The qualitative methods were the key approach for this research. As it is understandable that qualitative methods are effective at capturing issues that are sometimes immeasurable, and factual in determining the aims and objectives of a specific study. This is possible as qualitative methods are very elaborate and in-depth. The core findings of this research are the understanding that feminization of agriculture especially with rice production has become an impediment to the cultivation of rice in these areas. This is understandable as more women acquired formal education, they migrate to urban areas hundred folds in search of work leaving behind farms and farming especially the production of rice in their region.
References
Carvalho, M., Shagar, L.K., Cheng, N. and Kanyakumari, D. (2016, March 15). RM45bil for food import bill. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/03/15/rm45bil-for-food-import-bill-amount-is-rm18bil-higher-than-export-tag-says-shabery/
Cross Current (CULCON) (2003). The rich. http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=japan&theme=work&subtheme=AGRIC&unit=JWORK098
Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010). Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Statistics. Department of Statistics Malaysia.
East-West Center (2020). Changes in Rice Farming in Mainland Southeast Asia. https://www.eastwestcenter.org/research/research-projects/changes-in-rice-farming-in-mainland-southeast-asia
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2009). Why are gender equality and rural women's empowerment central to the work of FAO? https://www.fao.org/gender/en/
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2010). Women in Agriculture Closing the gender gap for development. https://www.fao.org/publications/sofa/2010-11/en/
Heng, T.S. (1994). Female migration in the context of national migration trends and patterns, Peninsular Malaysia 1981-1990. In J. Ariffin (Ed.), Readings on Women and Development in Malaysia. Universiti Malaya.
Joliya P., Sisodia S., Maurya A. and Kamalvanshi V. (2017) Feminization of agriculture: A dream project. Indian Journal of Economics and Development, 13(2a), 515 – 518.
Kelkar G. (2007). The Feminization of Agriculture in Asia: Implications for Women’s Agency and Productivity. UNIFEM South-Asia Regional Office.
Khoo, S-E. and Pirie, P. (1984). Female rural-to-urban migration in Peninsular Malaysia. In J.T. Fawcett, S-E. Khoo and P.C. Smith (Eds), Women in the Cities of Asia: Migration and Urban Adaptation (pp.125-142). Westview Press.
Metso, M. and Le Feuvre, N. (2006). Quantitative methods for analysing gender, ethnicity and migration. Universite de Toulouse-LeMerail.
Minority Rights Groups International (2017). World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. http://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-and-ethnic-minorities-in-sarawak/
Roberts, A. E. and Zietsma, C. (2018). Working for an app: Organizational boundaries, roles, and meaning of work in the ‘on-demand’ economy. In L. Ringel, P. Hiller and C. Zietsma (Eds.), Toward Permeable Boundaries of Organizations? (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Volume 57) (pp. 195-225). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Shelley I. J., Takahashi-Nosaka, M., Kano-Nakata, M., Haque M. S. and Inukai, Y. (2016). Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh: Present Scenario, Problems, and Prospects. Journal of International Cooperation for Agricultural Development, 14, 20-29. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320280488_Journal_of_International_Cooperation_for_Agricultural_Development_Rice_Cultivation_in_Bangladesh_Present_Scenario_Problems_and_Prospects
Shiji, O. (2016). Shrinking Rice Cultivation In Kerala. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2, 345-351.
Sujaya, C.P. (2006). Climbing a Long Road: Women in Agriculture in India: Ten Years after Beijing. M.S Swaminathan Research Foundation.
Kusago, T. (1998). Individual aspiration or family survival: Rural-urban female migration in Malaysia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal (APMJ), 7(4), 483-523.
TheBorneoPost (2010, December 23). Sarawak: A land of many tongues. http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/12/23/sarawak-a-land-of-many-tongues
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
-
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
