Precarity Amidst ‘Ad-Hoc’ Access to Education for Second Generation of Youth Immigrants in Kudat, Sabah
Keywords:
precarity, migration, second-generation immigrants, Sabah, access to educationAbstract
While migration literature is littered with studies on stateless and undocumented children in Malaysia, there is scant focus on the second generation of stateless and undocumented immigrants who were born in Sabah. What happened to the second generation of IMM13 holders and what kind of life condition they tread since? This paper investigates the situation of children of IMM13 holders who were given access to school before 2003, though remain undocumented, and how they make sense of their lives as young adults. Based on in-depth interviews and observations from a broader study conducted in 2013-2016, youths aged 20-30 years old from Kudat, on the west coast of Sabah, it is our contention that for the undocumented, temporary or ad-hoc access to education remains a palliative route without social inclusion of immigrants into the mainstream society.
References
Anderson, B. (2010). Migration, immigration control and the fashioning of precarious workers. Work, Employment and Society, 24(2), 300-317.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010362141
Azizah K. (2009). Filipino refugees in Sabah: State responses, public stereotypes and the dilemma over their future. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 47(1), 52-88.
Berry, J. W. (2007). Acculturation strategies and adaptation. In J. E. Lansford, K. Deater-Deckard and M. H. Bornstein (Eds.), Immigrant Families in Contemporary Society (pp. 69-82). Guilford Press.
Cannell, F. (1999). Power and Intimacy in the Christian Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Cruz-del Rosario, T. and Rigg, J. (2019). Living in an age of precarity in 21st century Asia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 49(4), 517-527.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2019.1581832
Ettlinger, N. (2007). Precarity unbound. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 32(3), 319-340.
https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540703200303
Fabinyi, M. (2011). Historical, cultural and social perspectives on luxury seafood consumption in China. Environmental Conservation, 39, 83-92.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892911000609
Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Harvard University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjnrw54
Kerkvliet, B. J. (1990). Everyday Politics in the Philippines: Class and Status Relations in a Central Luzon Village. University of California Press.
Lumayag, L. (2016). A question of access: Education needs of undocumented children in Malaysia. Asian Studies Review, 40(2), 192-210.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2016.1158238
Papadopoulos, D., Stephenson, N. and Tsianos, V. (2008). Escape routes. Control and subversion in the 21st century. Pluto Press.
Piper, N. (2015). Democratising Migration from the Bottom Up: The Rise of the Global Migrant Rights Movement. Globalizations, 12(5), 788-802.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1024454
Piper, N. and Lee, S. (2016). Marriage migration, migrant precarity, and social reproduction in Asia: An overview. Critical Asian Studies, 48(4), 473-93.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2016.1226598
Sadiq, K. (2005). When states prefer non-citizens over citizens: Conflict over illegal immigration into Malaysia. International Studies Quarterly, 49(1), 101-122.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2005.00336.x
Sassen, S. (2001). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400847488
Sather, C. (1971). Sulu's political jurisdiction over the Bajau Laut. Borneo Research Bulletin, 3(2), 58-62.
Standing, G. (2011). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. Bloomsbury Academic
https://doi.org/10.5040/9781849664554
Tagliacozzo, E. (2009). Navigating communities: race, place, and travel in the history of maritime Southeast Asia. Asian Ethnicity, 10(2), 97-120.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360902906748
Wacquant, L. (1999). Urban marginality in the coming millennium. Urban Studies, 36(10), 1639-1647.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098992746
Wacquant, L. (2008). Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Polity Press.
Warren, J. F. (1985). The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. New Day Publishers.
Warren, J.F. (2007). The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (2nd ed). National University Singapore.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
-
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
