ROAD SAFETY AND TRAFFIC INJURIES DUE TO DISTRACTED DRIVING OF SMARTPHONE USAGE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Abstract
This study provides the behaviour of university students using smartphone on daily basis and while driving, and exploring their perception towards the road safety of such habits. World Health Organisation states that distracted driving due to smartphone usage has been the uprising cause of road traffic injuries especially among young drivers. This study will provide knowledge in enforcing the right mitigation measures in preventing such behaviour from growing. The results from this study can also be integrated in intelligent transportation system in traffic accident prevention programme. This survey is conducted at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia with a sample size of 371 respondents with majority of them aged 21 to 25 (86.6%) who own smartphone (100%) and private vehicle (59.1%). Results found that university student are dependent of their smartphone on daily basis for alarm (94.3%), communication and socialisation (73.9%). They tend to use their smartphone while driving, at traffic light (68.4%) and during traffic congestion (61.0%), often for maps navigations (69.8%) and to make call (57.4%) in hands-free mode. Despite knowing the danger of this behaviour (97.3%), they ignored the risks and committed such offenses. Hence, the need for education and enforcement are significant and relevant among university students to prevent such behaviours from growing.
References
World Health Organization, "Road traffic injuries," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries. [Accessed: 13-Sep-2020].
Ministry of Transport Malaysia, Transport Statistics Malaysia. 2018.
Bingham C. Raymond, "Driver Distraction: A Perennial but Preventable Public Health Threat to Adolescents," J. Adolesc. Heal., vol. 54, pp. 3-5, 2014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.015
R. Abd Rahman, M. A. Abdul Khair, W. M. Lim, M. I. Mohd Masirin, and M. F. Hassan, "The Evaluation of Accident Data by Using Existing Predictive Model for Johor and Selangor State," J. Crit. Rev., vol. 7, no. 16, pp. 708-717, 2020
M. S. Nemmang, R. Rahman, M. M. Rohani, N. Mashros, and J. Md. Diah, "Analysis of speeding behaviour during approaching the U-turn facility road segment based on driving simulation test," in Matec Web of Conferences, 2017, vol. 103, p. 08008
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710308008
S. Kulanthayan, T. H. Law, R. Abd Rahman, and R. S. Radin Umar, "Seat Belt Use among Car Users in Malaysia," Int. Assoc. Traffic Saf. Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 19-25, 2004
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0386-1112(14)60088-1
M. A. M. Bilema, M. M. Haurula, and R. Rahman, "The Study of Relationship Between Pedestrian and Safety based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour at Batu Pahat, Johor," MATEC Web Conf., vol. 103, p. 08010, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710308010
R. Abd Rahman et al., "The Compliance of Road Users with the Speed Limit at School Zones on Federal Road FT50 (KM0-KM23)," Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 922-929, 2019
https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.E1131.0585C19
F. Prat, M. E. Gras, M. Planes, S. Font-Mayolas, and M. J. M. Sullman, "Driving distractions: An insight gained from roadside interviews on their prevalence and factors associated with driver distraction," Transp. Res. part F traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 45, pp. 194-207
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.12.001
K. Nic, "PDRM: From 6 July 2020, using phones while driving will land you in court," soyacincau, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.soyacincau.com/2020/08/10/pdrm-polis-diraja-malaysia-compound-summons-handphone-driving/. [Accessed: 03-Mar-2021].
T. Josh, "Cases challenging mobile phone detection cameras," theguardian, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/13/cases-challenging-mobile-phone-detection-cameras-could-clog-nsw-courts-mps-warn. [Accessed: 03-Mar-2021].
K. Lipovac, M. Đerić, M. Tešić, Z. Andrić, and B. Marić, "Mobile phone use while driving-literary review," Transp. Res. part F traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 47, pp. 132-142, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.04.015
K. A. M. Isa et al., "Mobile phone usage behaviour while driving among educated young adults in the urban university," Procedia-Social Behav. Sci., vol. 36, pp. 414-420, 2012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.045
M. G. Masuri, N. A. A. Samad, A. Dahlan, and K. A. M. Isa, "Attitude towards Safe Driving and Internet Addiction among Young Adult in Malaysia," J. ASIAN Behav. Stud., vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 1-15, 2019
https://doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v4i14.335
H. J. Kim, J. Y. Min, H. J. Kim, and K. B. Min, "Accident risk associated with smartphone addiction: A study on university students in Korea," J. Behav. Addict., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 699-707, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.070
M. J. M. Sullman, T. Hill, and A. N. Stephens, "Predicting intentions to text and call while driving using the theory of planned behaviour," Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 58, pp. 405-413, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.05.002
S. Hassani et al., "Preventing distracted driving among college students: Addressing smartphone use," Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 99, pp. 297-305, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.12.004
E. Kita and G. Luria, "Differences between males and females in the prediction of smartphone use while driving: mindfulness and income," Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 140, p. 105514, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105514
G. Luria, "The mediating role of smartphone addiction on the relationship between personality and young drivers' smartphone use while driving," Transp. Res. part F traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 59, pp. 203-211, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.001
L. T. Truong, H. T. T. Nguyen, and C. De Gruyter, "Mobile phone use while riding a motorcycle and crashes among university students," Traffic Inj. Prev., 2019
https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2018.1546048
L. Thabane et al., "A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how," BMC Med. Res. Methodol., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 1, 2010
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-10-1
Laerd Statistics, "Cronbach's Alpha (α) using SPSS Statistics," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/cronbachs-alpha-using-spss-statistics.php. [Accessed: 13-Sep-2020].
M. Tavakol and R. Dennick, "Making sense of Cronbach's alpha," Int. J. Med. Educ., vol. 2, pp. 53-55, 2011
https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
G. Ursachi, I. A. Horodnic, and A. Zait, "How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators," Procedia Econ. Financ., vol. 20, pp. 679-686, 2015
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00123-9
Laerd Statistics, "Pearson Product-Moment Correlation," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/3mg9F4P. [Accessed: 13-Sep-2020].
Laerd Statistics, "Cochran's Q test using SPSS Statistics," 2020. [Online]. Available: https://bit.ly/35Cm25c. [Accessed: 13-Sep-2020].
R. V. Krejcie and D. W. Morgan, "Determining sample size for research activities," Educ. Psychol. Meas., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 607-610, 1970
https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
R. W. Bergmark, E. Gliklich, R. Guo, and R. E. Gliklich, "Texting While Driving: The Development and Validation of The Distracted Driving Survey and Risk Score Among Young Adults," Inj. Epidemiol., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 7, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-016-0073-8
H. S. Al-Barashdi, A. Bouazza, and N. H. Jabur, "Smartphone addiction among university undergraduates: a literature review," J. Sci. Res. Rep., pp. 210-225, 2015
https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2015/12245
B. Sedaghati Shokri, S. R. Davoodi, M. Azimmohseni, and G. Khoshfar, "Drivers' Addiction Toward Cell Phone Use While Driving," Heal. Emergencies Disasters, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 97-104, 2018
https://doi.org/10.29252/nrip.hdq.3.2.97
L. F. Zhang, B. Y. Cui, M. H. Yang, and J. H. Wang, "Effect of Using Mobile Phones on Driver's Control Behavior Based on Naturalistic Driving Data," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal., vol. 16, p. 1464, 2019
Upon acceptance of an article, the corresponding author on behalf of all authors will be asked to complete and upload the Copyright Transfer Form (refer to Copyright Issues for more information on this) alongside the electronic proof file.
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and refer the publication in the Journal.
2) For open-access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds the copyright or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subjected to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) are responsible to ensure their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. The corresponding author has obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If the submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare that the researches which they have conducted comply with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving humans or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from the Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that they have no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor(s) or UNIMAS Publisher.
