The Influence of Finely Ground Mineral Admixture (FGMA) on Efflorescence
Abstract
Efflorescence phenomenon on concrete is not new and found in the form of white deposits on surfaces of concrete. Incorporation of Finely Ground Mineral Admixture (FGMA) in concrete to prevent occurrence of efflorescence is based on reduction of portlandite, densified microstructure and thus enhanced watertightness. The magnitude of efflorescence in term of percentage of calcium carbonate formation of FGMA modified mortar were evaluated at water-cement ratio of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 with 10%, 20%, and 30% of cement replacement by weight. The samples were tested with chemical analysis at 7, 14, 21, 28, 60 and 90 days. The FGMA additions into mortar were comparing with ordinary mortar to evaluate enhanced performance of FGMA modified mortar toward efflorescence. The results of this experiment showed that addition of FGMA into mortar caused less formation of calcium carbonate as partial replacement of cement with certain w/c ratio and percentage of cement replacement.
References
V. M. Malhotra, and P. Kumar Mehta, "Pozzolanic and cementitious materials", in Advances in Concrete Technology, Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 2004, pp. 4-5.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482296761
T. Abeile, A. Keller, and R. Zurbriggen, "Efflorescence mechanism of formation and ways to prevent, Elotex AG, Swizerland.
Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia, "Efflorescence", Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia, St Leonards, N.S.W., Australia
J. Bensted, "Efflorescence - a visual problem on buildings", Construction Repair, vol. 8, no 1, pp. 47-49, 1994
P. Kresse, "Efflorescence - mechanism of occurrence and possibilities of prevention", Concrete Plant + Precast Technology, vol. 53, pp. 160-168, 1982
P. Kresse, "Coloured concrete and its enemy: efflorescence", Chemistry and Industry, no. 4, pp. 93-95, 1989
V. M. Malhotra, and P. Kumar Mehta, "Pozzolanic and cementitious materials", in Advances in Concrete Technology, Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis, London and New York, 2004, pp. 90-91.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482296761
CUR-report 144, "Fly ash as addition to concrete", CUR, Gouda, 1992, pp. 39-45.
ACI Committee 234 Report, "Guide for the use of silica fume in concrete", American Concrete Insitute, ACI 234R-06, 2006.
ACI Committee 232.2 Report, "Use of fly ash in concrete", American Concrete Institute, ACI 232.2R96, 1996.
H. A. Toutanji and T. El-Korchi, "The influence of silica fume on the compressive strength of cement paste and mortar", Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 1591-1602, 1995
https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00152-3
S. F. U. Ahmed, Y. Ohama and K. Demura, " Comparison of mechanical properties and durability of mortar modified by silica fume and finely ground blast furnace slag", Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 27, no. 2, 1999
C. F. Christy and D. Tensing, " Efflect of Class-F fly ash as partial replacement with cement and fine aggregate in mortar", Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, vol. 17, pp. 140-144, 2010
D. P. Bentz and P. E. Stutzman, "Evolution of porosity and calcium hydroxide in laboratory concretes containing silica fume", Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1044-1050, 1994
Upon acceptance of an article, the corresponding author on behalf of all authors will be asked to complete and upload the Copyright Transfer Form (refer to Copyright Issues for more information on this) alongside the electronic proof file.
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and refer the publication in the Journal.
2) For open-access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds the copyright or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subjected to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) are responsible to ensure their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. The corresponding author has obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If the submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare that the researches which they have conducted comply with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving humans or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from the Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that they have no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor(s) or UNIMAS Publisher.
