Effect of Varied Cure Temperature on the Cure Behavior, Mechanical Properties and Heat Build-Up of Solid Tire Tread Compound Containing Different Particles Sizes of Ground Tire Rubber

Authors

  • Reginald Umunakwe Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole Campus (Ikole Ekiti), Nigeria
  • Chioma Ifeyinwa Madueke Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole Campus (Ikole Ekiti), Nigeria
  • Ifeoma Janefrances Umunakwe Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole Campus (Ikole Ekiti), Nigeria
  • Abdullahi Olawale Adebayo Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole Campus (Ikole Ekiti), Nigeriaa
  • Akinlabi Oyetunji Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure Akure, Nigeria
  • Sunday Gbenga Borisade Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole Campus (Ikole Ekiti), Nigeria
  • Oluwole Daniel Adigun Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole Campus (Ikole Ekiti), Nigeria
  • Dosu Malomo Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Oye-Ekiti

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.6501.2024

Keywords:

Solid tire tread compound, ground tire rubber, vulcanization temperature, properties

Abstract

This work investigates the effect of variation in vulcanization temperature on the cure behavior, tensile properties, tear strength, hardness, Akron abrasion loss and heat build-up of vulcanized tire tread compound in which the total rubber was replaced with 10% and 20% ground tire rubber (GTR) of 40, 60 and 80 mesh sizes. The first step was the characterization of the GTR using optical microscopy and a thermogravimetric analyzer. The first step of mixing each rubber compound was carried out using an internal mixer (Brabender) at 60°C and 40 rev/min rotor speed and the second step was done on a two-roll mill. The mooney viscosity of each rubber compound was investigated. the cure behavior of the rubber compounds was studied at 140°C, 150°C, and 160°C respectively. Results show that the introduction of GTR reduced vulcanization time, while increased cure temperature resulted in a lower vulcanization time. No significant difference was observed in the vulcanization time at a particular temperature of the rubber sample with different particle sizes and varied amounts of GTR. The introduction of ground tire rubber in the rubber vulcanizate however resulted in decreased tensile strength, tear strength and elongation, and increased hardness, abrasion resistance, modulus and heat build-up. An increase in the vulcanization temperature from 140°C to 150°C and 160°C  did not impart a significant reduction in the tensile strength of the vulcanizates containing GTR. Vulcanization at higher temperatures resulted in reduced hardness, and modulus, slightly increased abrasion loss and increased elongation of the vulcanizates containing GTR. The heat build-up increased as the cure temperature increased. Generally, the control sample with no content of ground tire rubber exhibited the best properties. If GTR is to be introduced in rubber matrix at an amount up to 20%, the results suggest that 60 mesh size particles will impart better properties. The optimal vulcanization temperature recommended based on the findings from the work is 150°C.

References

Petrella, A., & Notarnicola, M. (2021). Lightweight cement conglomerates based on end-of-life tire rubber: effect of the grain size, dosage and addition of perlite on the physical and mechanical properties. Materials, 14 (1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010225

Liang, M., Sun, C., Yao, Z., Jiang, H., Zhang, J., & Ren, S. (2020). Utilization of wax residue as compatibilizer for asphalt with ground tire rubber/recycled polyethylene blends. Construction and Building Materials, 230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116966

Araujo-Morera, J., Verdugo-Manzanares, R., González, S., Verdejo, R., Lopez-Manchado, M. A., & Santana, M. H. (2021). On the use of mechano-chemically modified ground tire Rubber (GTR) as recycled and sustainable filler in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites. Journal of Composites Science, 5 (3), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5030068

Hejna, A., Korol, J., Przybysz-Romatowska, M., Zedler, Ł., Chmielnicki, B., & Formela, K. (2020). Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – A review. Waste Management, 108, 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.032

Hrdlička, Z., Brejcha, J., Šubrt, J., Vrtiška, D., Malinová, L., Čadek, D., & Kadeřábková, A. (2022). Ground tyre rubber produced via ambient, cryogenic, and waterjet milling: the influence of milling method and particle size on the properties of SBR/NR/BR compounds for agricultural tyre treads. Plastics, Rubber and Composites, 51 (10), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2021.2008713

Majewska-Laks, K., Sykutera, D., & Ościak, A. (2021). Reuse of ground tire rubber (GTR) as a filler of TPE matrix. In 19th International Conference of Diagnostics of Machines and Vehicles. 332 (01003), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133201003

Fazli, A., & Rodrigue, D. (2020). Recycling waste tires into ground tire rubber (GTR)/rubber compounds: a review. Journal of Composite Sciences, 4 (103), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030103

Herrera-Sosa, E. S., Martínez-Barrera, G., Barrera-Díaz, C., & Cruz-Zaragoza, E. (2014). Waste tire particles and gamma radiation as modifiers of the mechanical properties of concrete. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00321

Shanmugharaja, A. M., Kim, J. K., & Ryua, S. H. (2005). UV surface modification of waste tire powder: Characterization and its influence on the properties of polypropylene/waste powder composites. Material Characterisation, 24 (6), 739–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.04.006

Cheng, X. W., Long, D., Huang, S., ZaoYuan, L., & Guo, X. (2015). Time effectiveness of the low-temperature plasma surface modification of ground tire rubber powder. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 29 (13), 1330-1340. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2015.1026958

Cao, X.-W., Luo, J., Cao, Y., Yin, X.-C., He, G.-J., Peng, X.-F., & Xu, B-P. (2014). Structure and properties of deeply oxidized waster rubber crumb through long time ozonization. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 109, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.014

He, L., Ma, Y., Liu, Q., & Mu, Y. (2016). Surface modification of crumb rubber and its influence on the mechanical properties of rubber-cement concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 120, 403–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.025

Hejna A, Olszewski A, Zedler Ł, Kosmela, P., & Formela, K. (2021). The impact of ground tire rubber oxidation with H2O2 and KMnO4 on the structure and performance of flexible polyurethane/ground tire rubber composite foams. Materials, 14 (3), 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030499

Yagneswaran, S., Storer, W. J., Chaur, M. N., Echegoyen, L., & Smith Jr, D. W. (2013). Surface-grafting of ground rubber tire by poly acrylic acid via self-initiated free radical polymerization and composites with epoxy thereof. Polymer Composites, 769-777. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.22484

Aggour, Y. A., Al-Shihri, A. S., & Bazzt, M. R. (2012). Surface modification of waste tire by grafting with styrene and maleic anhydride. Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 2, 70-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2012.22009

Lee, K. C., Yusoff, N. A., Othman, N., & Aini, N. A. (2016). Effect of vulcanization temperature on curing characteristic, physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber/palygorskite composites. In Innovation in Polymer Science and Technology. 223 (012017), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/223/1/012017

ISO 289-1:2015. Rubber, Unvulcanized — Determinations using a Shearing-disc Viscometer - Part 1: Determination of Mooney Viscosity. International Organization for Standardization.

ASTM D 2084: 2019. Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Vulcanization Using Oscillating Disk Cure Meter. American Society for Testing and Materials.

Zhao, X., Hu, H., Zhang, D., Zhang, Z., Peng, S., & Sun, Y. (2019). Curing behaviors, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis and morphologies of natural rubber vulcanizates containing reclaimed rubber. e-Polymers, 19, 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0051

ASTM D412-16 (2021). Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension. American Society for Testing and Materials.

Imprastitichai, K., Thanawan, S., & Suchiva, K. (2009). Preparation and characterizations of natural rubber from natural rubber latex by using thermal drying method. KKU Research Journal, 9 (2), 59-64.

Arayapranee, W., and Rempel, G. L. (2013). Effects of polarity on the filler-rubber interaction and properties of silica filled grafted natural rubber composites. Journal of Polyme. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/279529

ASTM D624-00 (2020). Standard Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers. American Society for Testing and Materials.

ISO 48-4:2018. Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic — Determination of Hardness - Part 4: Indentation Hardness by Durometer Method (Shore hardness). International Organization for Standardization.

ASTM D297-21. Standard Test Methods for Rubber Products—Chemical Analysis. American Society for Testing and Materials.

BS 903-A9:2020. Methods of Testing Vulcanized Rubber Determination of Abrasion Resistance. Akron and Taber Methods (British Standard).

ASTM D623-07(2019)e1. Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property—Heat Generation and Flexing Fatigue in Compression. American Society for Testing and Materials.

Hakrama, K., Guxho, G., & Liço, E. (2017). Morphological and chemical study of recycled synthetic rubber tire crumbs by using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis. Zastita Materijala, 58 (2), 222 - 227. https://doi.org/10.5937/ZasMat1702222H

Thives, L. P., Pais, J. C., Pereira, P. A., & Amorim, S. R. (2013). Assessment of the digestion time of asphalt rubber binder based on microscopy analysis. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.087

Wang, H., Apostolidis, P., Zhu, J., Liu, X., & Skarpas, A. E. (2021). The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 22 (4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1724289

Umunakwe, R., Oyetunji, A., Adewuyi, B. O., Eze, W. U., Nwigwe, U. S., & Umunakwe, I. J. (2019). Mechanical properties and microstructure of hybrid vulcanized natural rubber filled with carbon black and nano-CaCO3 from achatina achatina shells. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 9 (4), 80-89. https://doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v29i4.555

Formela, K., & Haponiuk, J. T. (2014). Curing characteristics, mechanical properties and morphology of butyl rubber filled with ground tire rubber (GTR). Iranian Polymer Journal, 23, 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-013-0214-7

Li, S., Lamminmaki, J., & Hanhi, K. (2004). Effect of ground rubber powder on properties of natural rubber. Macromolecular Symposia, 216, 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200451220

Carli, L. N., Boniatti, R., Teixeira, C. E., Nunes, R. C., & Crespo, J. S. (2009). Development and characterization of composites with ground elastomeric vulcanized scraps as filler. Materials Science and Engineering C, 29 (2), 383-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.07.025

Klajn, K., Gozdek, T., Bieli´nski, D. M., Sici´nski, M., Zarzecka-Napierała, M., & Pedzich, Z. (2021). SBR vulcanizates filled with modified Ground tire rubber. Materials, 14 (14), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143991

Zhang, H., Li, Y., Shou, J.-Q., Zhang, Z.-Y., Zhao, G.-Z., & Liu, Y.-Q. (2015). Effect of curing temperature on properties of semi-efficient vulcanized natural rubber. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244315576243

Mukhopahyay, R., & De, S. K. (1978). Effect of vulcanization temperature and different fillers on the properties of efficiently vulcanized natural rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 52 (2), 263-277. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3535216

Downloads

Published

2024-04-30

How to Cite

Umunakwe, R., Madueke, C. I., Umunakwe, I. J., Adebayo, A. O. ., Oyetunji, A., Borisade, S. G., Adigun, O. D., & Malomo, D. (2024). Effect of Varied Cure Temperature on the Cure Behavior, Mechanical Properties and Heat Build-Up of Solid Tire Tread Compound Containing Different Particles Sizes of Ground Tire Rubber. Journal of Applied Science &Amp; Process Engineering, 11(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.6501.2024

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024): Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering, Volume 11, Number 1, 2024

Section

Articles

License

Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal

1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.

2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.

3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.

4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.

5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.

6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.

To download Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal, click here