Prospect of Biodiesel from Sludge Palm Oil in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.6411.2024Keywords:
Sludge Palm Oil, Free Fatty Acids, Transesterification, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, Diesel EnginesAbstract
High feedstock costs make biodiesel production impractical and economically unfeasible, particularly as most feedstocks are unknown for performance. Waste oil, such as sludge palm oil (SPO), may be used to produce biodiesel. This study examined the efficiency and prospect of Sludge Palm Oil Biodiesel (SPOB) production from SPO through transesterification. One-step and two-step transesterification methods were performed for SPOB conversion. However, only a two-step method was effective in converting SPO into SPOB. SPO's high free fatty acid (FFA) content necessitated a two-step process to reduce FFAs to less than 4% before SPOB conversion. Step 1 yielded 78% SPOB at 2 hours, 0.03:1 acid catalyst–to–oil, and 8:1 alcohol–to–oil. The optimal SPOB yield for step 2 at 4 hours, 0.01:1 alkaline catalyst–to–oil, and 9:1 alcohol–to–oil was 78%. SPOB components were analyzed using FTIR with SPOB having a 1435.04 cm-1 methyl peak. The diesel engine performance test mixed SPOB with mineral diesel at different concentrations with 30% SPOB blends in mineral diesel offers the lowest fuel consumption (0.1089 ml/s), maximum braking horsepower (24.9266 rpm), and best mechanical efficiency. Density, flash point, and heating value were also tested to identify SPOB's physical characteristics and discussed in detail.
References
Arezki, R., Jakab, Z., Laxton, D., Matsumoto, A., Nurbekyan, A., Wang, H., Yao, J. (2017). Oil Prices and the Global Economy. IMF Working Paper, International Monetary Fund, 1-30. https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/WP/wp1715.ashx
Lam, M.K., Lee, K.T., Mohamed, A.R. (2010). Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis for transesterification of high free fatty acid oil (waste cooking oil) to biodiesel: A review. Biotechnology Advances 28(4), 500-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.03.002
Yaakob, Z., Mohammad, M., Alherbawi, M., Alam, Z., Sopian, K. (2012). Overview of the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 18(1), 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.016
Huang, D., Zhou, H., Lin, L. (2012) Biodiesel: An alternative to Conventional Fuel. Energy Procedia 16 (C), 1874-1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.01.287
Dermirbas, A. Karslioglu, S. (2007) Biodiesel Production Facilities from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 29(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190951320
Muanruksa, P., Winterburn, J., Kawekannetra, P. (2019) A novel process for biodiesel production from sludge palm oil. MethodsX 6(1), 2838-2844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.09.039
Vijay, V., Pimm, S.L., Jenkins, C.N., Smith, S.J. (2016) The impact of oil palm on recent deforestation and biodiversity loss. PLoS One 11(7), e0159668, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159668
Dias, M.F.R. (2015). Hair cosmetic: An overview. International Journal of Trichology 7(10), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.153450
FAO. (2015). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E
Corley, R.H.V. (2009). How much palm oil do we need? Environmental Science & Policy 12(2), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.011
World Agricultural Outlook (2012) Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute. http://www.fapri.iastate.edu/outlook/2012/
International Finance Corporation (2011). The World Bank Group Framework and IFC Strategy for Engagement in the Palm Oil Sector. Washington D.C. World Bank.
Potts, J., Lynch, M., Wilkings, A., Huppé, G., Cunningham, M., Voora, V. (2014) The state of sustainability initiatives review 2014: Standards and the green economy. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 29(1), 332.
Malaysian Palm Oil Industry (2011). Malaysian Palm Oil Board. http://www.palmoilworld.org/about_malaysian-industry.html
Schmidt, J.H., Weidema, B.P. (2007) Shift in the marginal supply of vegetable oil. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13(3), 235–239. https://doi.org/10.1065/lca2007.07.351
Hayyan, A., Alam, M. Z., Mirghani, M. E., Kabbashi, N. A., Hakimi, N. I., Siran, Y. M., Tahiruddin, S. (2010). Sludge Palm Oil as a Renewable Raw Material for Biodiesel Production by Two-Step Process. Bioresource Technology 101(20), 7804-7811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.045
Onyia, C.O., Uyu, A.M., Akunna, J.C., Norulaini, N.A., Omar, A.K. (2001) Increasing the fertilizer value of palm oil mill sludge: bioaugmentation in nitrification. Water Science & Technology 44(10), 157-162. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0608
Brahma, S., Nath, B., Basumatary, B., Das, B., Saijia, P., Patir, K., Basumatary, S. (2022) Biodiesel production from mixed oils: A sustainable approach towards industrial biofuel production. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 10(1), 100384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100284
Hassan, M.H., Kalam, M.A. (2013). An overview of biofuel as a renewable energy source: development and challenges. Procedia Engineering 56(1), 59-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.087
Gui, M., Lee, K., Bhatia, S. (2008). Feasibility of Edible Oil vs. Non-Edible Oil vs. Waste Edible Oil vs. Biodiesel Feedstock. Energy 33(11), 1646-1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.06.002
Guana, G., Kusakabe, K. (2012). Biodiesel Production from Waste Oily Sludge by Acid-Catalyzed Esterification. International Journal of Biomass & Rewwable 1(1), 1-5.
Greer, D. (2010). Recycling Local Waste Oil and Grease into Biodiesel. Biocycle Energy 51(7), 56.
Gebremariam, S.N., Marchetti, J.M. (2017) Biodiesel production technologies: a review. AIM Energy. 5(3), 425-457. https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.3.425
Taher, H. Al-Zuhair, S., Al-Marzouqi, A.H., Haik, Y., Farid, M.M. (2011) A review of enzymatic transesterification of microalga oil-based biodiesel using supercritical technology. Enzyme Research 2011(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/468292
Fernandez-Maestre, R. (2020) The importance of teaching titration curve in analytical chemistry. Periodico Tche Quimica 17(34), 213-219.
Raya, S.A., Saaid, I.M., Ahmed, A.A., Umar, A.A. (2020) A critical review of development and demulsification mechanisms of crude oil emulsion in the petroleum industry. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and ProductionTechnologyy 10(1), 1711-1728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-020-00830-7
Edin, T., Ahmed, A.S., Rahman, R., Hamdan, S. (2013) Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine. Journal of Energy & Environment. 18-24.
Harreh, D., Saleh, A.A., Reddy, A.N.R., Hamdan, S. (2018) And experimental investigation of Karanja biodiesel production in Sarawak, Malaysia. 2018(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4174205
Reddy, A.N.R., Saleh, A.A., Islam, M.S., Hamdan, S., Maleque, M.A. (2016) Biodiesel production from crude Jatropha oil using a highly active heterogeneous nanocatalyst by optimizing transesterification reaction parameters. Energy & Fuels 30(3), 334-343. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01899
Baharathiraja, B., Selvakumari, A.E., Jayamuthunagai, J., Saravanaraj, A., Arumugam, A. (2022) Chapter 5 – Biodiesel production: Key factors affecting th efficiency of the process. In: Arumugam, A (ed). Production of Biodiesel from Non-Edible Sources, 153-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824295-7.00006-1
Saha, R., Goud, V.V. (2014) Ultrasound assisted transesterification of high free fatty acids Karanja oil using heterogeneous base catalysts. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 5(1), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-014-0133-7
Musa, I.A. (2016) The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol on biodiesel production using transesterification process. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 25(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.06.007
Chozhavendhan, S., Singh, M.V.P., Fransila, B., Kumar, R.P., Devi, G.K. (2020). Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 1-2(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2020.04.002
Kumar, S., Jain, S., Kumar, H. (2020) Experimental Study on Biodiesel Production Parameter Optimization of Jatropha–Algae Oil Mixtures and Performance and Emission Analysis of a Diesel Engine Coupled with a Generator Fueled with Diesel/Biodiesel Blends. ACS Omega 5(28), 17033-17041. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04372
Shukla, P.C., Gupta, T., Agarwal, A.K. (2014) A Comparative Morphological Study of Primary and Aged Particles Emitted from Biodiesel (B20) vis-a;-vis Diesel Fuelled CRDI Engine. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 14(3), 934-942. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.05.0162
Ahmed, A.S., Rahman, M.R., Bakri, M.K.B. (2022) New bio-energy source for biofuel from indigenous kepayang fruit in Malaysia. Biofuels 1(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2022.2107652
Guoveia, L., Olivera, A.C., Congestri, R., Bruno, L., Soares, A.T., Menezes, R.S., Filho, N.R.A., Tzovenis, I. (2017). Biodiesel from microalgae. In: Gonzalez-Fernandez, C., Munoz, R. (eds) Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts, 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101023-5.00010-8
Khan, A., Ahmed, A.S., Bakri, M.K.B., Reddy, A.N.R., Rahman, M.R. (2021) Performance of Coconut Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine with Exhaust Gas Emission Analysis. Materials Science Forum 1030(1), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1030.149
