A Review on Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils

Authors

  • A.S. Yusuff Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
  • O.D. Adeniyi Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
  • M.A. Olutoye Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
  • U.G. Akpan Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.432.2017

Keywords:

Biodiesel, Heterogeneous catalyst, Leaching, Transesterification, Vegetable oils.

Abstract

Biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternative and environmentally benign fuels. The development of environmental friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification/transesterification process seems to be promising route and the reason why it is more preferred to conventional homogeneous and enzymatic catalyzed reactions is discussed. However, investigation on heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production is extensively carried out based on previous research studies. In order to reduce cost of biodiesel production, evaluation and characterization of heterogeneous catalytic materials before and after its preparation provide facts on the process that have significant impact on the desired activity and selectivity properties. This review study provides a comprehensive overview of common process techniques usually employ in producing biodiesel. Different materials that serve as sources of heterogeneous catalysts to transesterify oils or fats for production of biodiesel with emphasis on selection criteria of solid catalytic materials are also highlighted. The potential heterogeneous catalyst that could be derived from anthill, various methods of preparing solid catalysts, as well as reusability and leaching analysis are discussed in details

References

Chopade, S.G. Kulkarni, K.S. Kulkarni, A.D. and Topare, N.S. (2012). Solid Heterogeneous Catalysts for Production of Biodiesel from Transesterification of Triglycerides with Methanol: A Review. Acta Chimica & Pharmaceutica Indica, 2(1), 8-14.

Datta, A. and Mandal, B.K. (2016). Comprehensive Review of Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engine. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 799-821.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.170

Hillion, G. Delfort, B. le Pennee, D. Bournay, L., and Chodorge, J. (2003). Biodiesel Production by a Continuous Process Using a Heterogeneous Catalyst. Prepr. Pap. - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 48(2), 636-638.

Suryantoro, M.T. Sugiarto, B. and Mulyadi, F. (2016). Growth and Characterization of Deposit in the Combustion Chamber of a Diesel Engine Fueled with B50 and Indonesia Fuel (IBF). Biofuel Research Journal. 12, 521-527.

https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2016.3.4.6

Hillion, G. Montagne, X. and Marchand, P. (1999). Oleagineux. Corps gras. Lipides, 6, 435.

Tanja, C. Siegfried, P. and Weidner, E. (2005). Biodiesel Transesterification of Biological Oils with Liquid Catalysts: Thermodynamic Properties Of Oil-Methanol-Amine Mixtures. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Journal, 40, 9535-9541.

https://doi.org/10.1021/ie050252e

Rutto, H. (2013). The Use of Thermally Modified Kaolin as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Producing Biodiesel. Material and Process for Energy: Communicating current research and Technological development, 399-406.

Knothe, G. (2006). Analyzing Biodiesel: Standards and Other Methods. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83(10), 823-833.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-5033-y

BS EN 590:2009 (2009), Automotive fuels. diesel. Requirements and test methods, London, Great Britain: BSI-British Standard Institution.

Improvement on Fossil Diesel Quality (punchng.com/nnpc-produce diesel-corps)

Ma, F. and Hanna, M.A. (1999). Biodiesel Production: a Review. Bioresource Technology, 70, 1-15.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5

Ramadhas, A. S. Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. (2004). Use of Vegetable Oil as I.C.Engine Fuels: A Review. International Journal of Renewable. Energy, 29-727.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2003.09.008

Narayan, C.M. (2002). In: Proceedings on Recent Trends in Automotive Fuels Nagpur,India.

Sani, Y.M., Daud, W.M.A.W., and Abdul Aziz, A.R. (2013). Biodiesel Feedstock and Production Technologies, Successes, Challenges and Prospects. Intech, 4, 77-101.

https://doi.org/10.5772/52790

Fukuda, H. Kondo, A. and Noda, H. (2001). Biodiesel Fuel Production by Transesterification of Oils. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 92(5), 405-416.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1723(01)80288-7

Manickam, S. Arigela, W.N.D. and Gogate, P.R. (2014). Intensification of Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Oil Using Multiple Frequency Ultrasonic Flow Cell. Fuel Processing Technology. 128, 388-393.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.08.002

Arai, M. and Zhao, F. (2015). Metal Catalysts Recycling and Heterogeneous/Homogeneous Catalysis. Catalysis, 5, 868-870.

https://doi.org/10.3390/catal5020868

Sharma, Y.C. Singh, B. and Korstad, J. (2010). Application of an Efficient Nonconventional Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis from Pongamia Pinnata Oil. Energy Fuels, 24, 3223-3231.

https://doi.org/10.1021/ef901514a

Saka, S. and Kusdiana, D. (2001). Biodiesel Fuel from Rapeseed Oil as Prepared in Supercritical Methanol. Fuel, 80, 225- 231.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00083-1

Pinnarat, T. and Savage, P. E. (2008). Assessment of Noncatalytic Biodiesel Synthesis Using Supercritical Reaction Conditions. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 47, 6801-6821.

https://doi.org/10.1021/ie800542k

Muppaneni, T. Reddy, H.K. Patil, P.D. Dailey, P. Aday, C. and Deng S. (2012). Ethanolysis of Camelina Oil under Supercritical Condition with Hexane as a Co-Solvent. Applied Energy, 94, 84-88.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.023

Yin, J. Xiao, M. and Song, J.B. (2007). Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil in Supercritical Methanol with Co-Solvent. Energy Conversion & Management. 49, 908-912.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.10.018

Alves, C.T. Andrabe, H.M.C. Santos, R.C.D. Vieira de Malo, S.A.B., and Torres, E.A. (2013). Transesterification Reaction Using Zinc Aluminate as Heterogeneous Catalyst and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Chemical Engineering Transactions. 32, 883-888.

Canakci, M. and Sanli, H. (2008). Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks and Their Effects on the Fuel Properties. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35(5), 431-441.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0337-6

Hassani, M. Najafpour, G.D. Mohammadi, M. and Rabiee, M. (2014). Preparation, Characterization and Application of Zeolite-Based Catalyst for Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 73, 129-133.

Zabeti, M. Wan Daud, W.M.A. and Aroua, K. (2009). Activity of Solid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review. Fuel Processing Technology, 90(6), 770-777.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.03.010

Oh, P. P. Lau, H.L.N. Chen, J. Chong, M.F. and Choo, Y.M. (2012). A Review on Conventional Technologies and Emerging Process Intensification (PI) Methods for Biodiesel Production, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 5131-5145.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.014

Wen, L. Wang, Y. Lu, D. Hu, S. and Han, H. (2010). Preparation of KF/CaO Nanocatalyst and its Application in Biodiesel Production from Chinese Tallow Seed Oil. Fuel, 89 (9), 2267-2271.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.028

Bobade, V.V. Kulkarni, K.S. and Kulkarni, A.D. (2011). Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, 2(2), 184-185.

Song, R. Tong, D. Tang, J. Hu, C. (2011). Effect of Composition on the Structure and Catalytic Properties of KF/Mg-La Solid Base Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis via Transesterification of Cotton Seed. Energy Fuels, 25, 2679-2686.

https://doi.org/10.1021/ef200378j

Olutoye, M.A. and Hameed, B.H. (2013). A Highly Active Clay-Based Catalyst for the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Waste Cooking Palm Oil. Applied Catalysis A: General. 450, 57-62.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.09.049

Endalew, A.K. Kiros, Y. and Zanzi, R. (2011). Inorganic Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 3787-3809.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.011

Sivasamy, A. Cheah, K.Y. Fornasiero, P. Kemausuor, F. Zinoviev, S. and Miertus, S. (2009). Catalytic Applications in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils. ChemSusChem, 2, 278-300.

https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200800253

Boey, P.L. Mariam, G.P., Hamid, S.A. and Ali, D.M.H. (2011). Utilization of Waste Cockle Shell (Anadara Granosa) in Biodiesel Production from Palm Olein Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. Fuel, 90, 2353-2358.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.03.002

Pazouki, M. Zamani, F. Zamzamcan, A.H. Fahar, M. and Najafpour, G. (2010). Esterification of Free Fatty Acids by Rhizopus Oryzae as Cell-Catalyzed from Used Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production. World Applied Sciences Journal, 8(6), 719-724.

Abdulla, R. and Ravindra, P. (2013). Immobilized Burkholderia CepaciaLipase for Biodiesel Production from Crude Jatropha Curcas Oil. Biomass and Bioenergy, 56, 8-13.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.04.010

Ragauskas, A.E. Yunqiao, P. and Ragauska, J. (2013). Biodiesel from Grease Interceptor to Gas Tank. Energy Science and Engineering, 1(1), 42-52.

https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.4

Mythili, R. Venkatachalam, P. Subramaniam, P. and Uma, D. (2014). Production Characterization and Efficiency of Biodiesel: A Review. International Journal of Energy Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3165

Smith, G.V. and Notheisz, F. (2006). Heterogeneous Catalysis in Organic Chemistry. New York, USA: Academic Press Inc.

Kumar, V. and Kant, P. (2014). Biodiesel Production from Sorghum Oil by Transesterification Using Zinc Oxide as Catalyst. Petroleum & Coal, 56(1), 35-40.

Vujicic, D.J. Comic, D. Zarubica, A. Micic, R. and Boskovic, G. (2010). Kinetics of Biodiesel Synthesis from Sunflower Oil over CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst. Fuel, 89(8), 2054-2061.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.043

Kawashima, A. Matsubara, K. and Honda, K. (2008). Development of Heterogeneous Base Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Bioresource Technology, 99 (9), 3439-3443.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.009

Muthu, K. and Viruthagiri, T. (2015). Study on Solid Based Calcium Oxide as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel. Journal of Advanced Chemical Sciences, 1(14), 160 - 163.

Ngamcharussrivichai, C. Totarat, P. and Bunyakiat, K. (2008). Ca and Zn Mixed Oxide as a Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Palm Kernel Oil. Applied Catalysis A: General, 341(1-2), 77-85.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.02.020

Queda, N. Bonzi, Y.L. and Quedraogo, I.W.K. (2017). Deactivation, Process, Regeneration Conditions and Reusability Performance of CaO Or MgO Based Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production- A Review. Material Science and Applications. 8, 94-122.

https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2017.81007

Sirichai, C.A. Apanee, L. and Samai, J. (2012). Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst. International Journal of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 6, 230-235.

Furuta, S. Matsuhashi, H. and Arata, K. (2006). Biodiesel Fuel Production with Solid Amorphouszirconia Catalysis in Fixed Bed Reactor. Biomass & Bioenergy, 30(10), 870-873.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.10.010

Umdu, E.S. Tuncer, M. and Seker, E. (2009). Transesterification of Nannochloroplasts aculata microalga's lipid to biodiesel on Al2O3 supported CaO and MgO catalysts. Bioresource Technology, 100, 2828-2831.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.027

Park, Y.M. Chung, S.H. Eom, H.J. Lee, J.S. and Lee, K.Y. (2010). Tungsten Oxide Zirconia as Solid Superacid Catalyst for Esterification of Waste Acid Oil (Dark Oil). Bioresource Technology, 101 (17), 6589-6593.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.109

Sun, H. Ding, Y. Duan, J. Zhang, Q. Wang, Z. Lou, H. and Zhang, X. (2010). Transesterification of Sunflower Oil to Biodiesel on ZrO2 Supported La2O3 Catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 101(3), 953-958.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.089

Ramu, S. Lingaiah, N. Prabhavathi Devi, B.L.A. Prasad, R.B.N. Suryanarayana, I. and Sai Prasad, P.S. (2004). Esterification of Palmitic Acid with Methanol over Tungstenoxide Supported on Zirconia Solid Acid Catalysts: Effect of Method of Preparation of the Catalyst on its Structural Stability and Reactivity. Applied Catalysis A: General, 276 (1-2), 163-168.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.002

Ngamcharusssrivichai, C. Wiwatnimit, W. and Wangnoi, S. (2007). Modified Dolomites as Catalysts for Palm Kernel Oil Transesterification. Journal of Molecular Catalysis: A Chemical, 276, 24-33.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2007.06.015

Yan, S.L. Salley, S.O. and Simon Ng, K.Y. (2009a). Simultaneous Transesterification and Esterification of Unrefined or Waste Oils over ZnO-La2O Catalysts. Applied Catalysts A: General, 353(2), 203-212.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.10.053

Furuta, S. Matsuhashi, H. and Arata, K. (2004). Biodiesel Fuel Production with Solid Super Acid Catalysis in Fixed Bed Reactor Under Atmospheric Pressure. Catalysis Communication, 5(12), 712-723.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2004.09.001

Man, L.F. (2013). Synthesis and Characterization of Solid Metal Oxide Nanostructure for Biodiesel Production. The HKU Scholar Hub, University of Hong Kong.

Jitputti, J. Kitiyanan, B. Rangsunvigit, P. Bunyakiat, K. Attanatho, L. and Jenvanitpanjakul, P. (2006) Transesterification of Crude Palm Kernel Oil and Crude Coconut Oil by Different Solid Catalysts. Chemical Engineering Journal. 116, 61-66.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.09.025

Peng, B.X. Shu, Q. Wang, J.F. Wang, G.R., Wang, D.Z. and Han, M.H. (2008). Biodiesel Production from Waste Oil Feedstock by Solid Acid Catalysis. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 86 (6), 441-447.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2008.05.003

Kafuku, G. Lam, K.T. Kanselo, J. Lee, K.T. and Mbarawa, M. (2010). Heterogeneous Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Moringa Oleifera Oil. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(11), 1525-1529.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.05.032

Lam, M.K. and Lee, K.T. (2011). Mixed Methanol-Ethanol Technology to Produce Greener Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil: A Breakthrough for SO2-4/SnO2-SiO2 Catalyst. Fuel Processing Technology, 92, 1639-1645.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.04.012

Abdoulmoumine, N. (2010). Sulphated and Hydroxide Supported on Zirconium Oxide Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Published M.Sc thesis. Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA.

Lopez, D.E. Godwin Jr. J.G. Bruce, O.A. and Lotero, E. (2005). Transesterification of Triacetin with Alcohol on Solid Acid and Base Catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2, 97-105.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2005.07.055

Yee, K.F. and Lee, K.T. (2008). Palm Oil as Feedstock for Biodiesel Production via Heterogeneous Transesterification: Optimization Study. International Conference on Environment (ICENV), 1-5.

Sulaiman, S. Khairudin, N. Jamah, P. Alam, M.Z. Zainudi, Z. and Azmi, S. (2014). Characterization of Fish Bone Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. International Journal of Biological, Food, Veterinary and Agricultural Engineering, 8(5), 464-466.

Obadiah, A. Swaroopa, G.A. Kumar, S.V. Jeganathan, K.R. and Ramasubbu, A. (2012). Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Using Calcined Waste Animal Bone as Catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 116, 512-516.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.112

Shah, B. Sulaimana, S. Jamal, P. and Alam, M.Z. (2014). Production of Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis. International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 5(2), 73-75.

Chakraborty, R. Bepari, S. and Banerge, A. (2011). Application of Calcined Waste Fish Scale as Low-Cost Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis. Bioresource Technology, 102, 3610-3618.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.123

Tan, Y.H. Abdullah, M.O. Hipolito, C.N. and Taufiq-Yap., Y.H. (2015). Waste Ostrich and Chicken-Eggshells as Heterogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil: Catalyst Characterization and Biodiesel Yield Performance. Applied Energy, 2, 1-13.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.023

Birla, A. Singh, B. Upadhyay, S.N. and Sharma, Y.C. (2012). Kinetics Studies of Synthesis of Biodiesel from Waste Frying Oil Using a Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Snail Shell. Bioresource Technology. 106, 95-100.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.065

Nakatani, N. Takamori, H. Takeda, K. and Sakugawa, H. (2009). Transesterification of Soybean Oil Using Combusted Shell Waste as a Catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 100, 1510-1513.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.007

Kallo, D. (2001). Application of Natural Zeolites in Water and Wastewater Treatment. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society (Washington, DC). 45, 519-550.

https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501509117-017

Ghiaci, M. Aghabarari, B. and Gil, A. (2011). Production of Biodiesel by Transesterification of Natural Fatty Acids over Modified Organoclay Catalysts. Fuel, 90, 3382-3389.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.04.008

Olutoye, M.A. Wong, S.W. Chin, L.H. Asif, M. and Hameed, B.H. (2015). Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters via Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil by Methanol with a Barium-Modified Montmorillonite K10 Catalyst. Renewable Energy, 86, 392-398.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.08.016

Dai, Y. Chen, K. Wang, Y. and Chen, C. (2014). Application of Peanut Husk Ash as a Low-Cost Solid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 5(3), 276-280.

https://doi.org/10.7763/IJCEA.2014.V5.393

Wei, Z. Xu, C. and Li, B. (2009). Application of Waste Eggshell as Low-Cost Solid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Bioresource Technology, 100, 2883-2885.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.039

Yang, Z. and Xie, W. (2007). Soybean Oil Transesterification over Zinc Oxide Modified with Alkali Earth Metals. Fuel Processing Technology, 88(6), 631-638.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.02.006

Cho, Y.B. and Seo, G. (2010). High Activity of Acid Treated of Quail Eggshell Catalysts in the Transesterification of Palm Oil with Methanol. Bioresource Technology, 101: 8515 -8524.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.082

Stone, R.H. and Ndu, F.O.C. (1985). New Biology for West African Schools: New York, USA: Longmans Group Ltd.

Henne, G.A. (2009). Anthill as a Resource for Ceramics. Published PhD Thesis, Faculty of fine art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.

Paton, T.R. Humphreys, G.S. and Mitchell, P.B. (1995). Soils: A Global View: London: UCL Press.

Sharma, V. and Sumbali, G. (2013). An Overview of the Symbiotic Interaction between Ants, Fungis and Other Living Organisms in Ant-Hill Soil. International Journal of Environmental Science, 4(3), 432-443.

Kristiansen, S.M. and Amelung, W. (2001). Abandoned Anthill in a Temperate Deciduous Forest Morphology and Organic Matter Composition. European Journal of Soil Science, 52, 355- 363.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00390.x

Akinwekomi, A.D. Omotoyinbo, J.A. and Folorunso, D. (2012). Effect of High Alumina Cement on Selected Foundry Properties of Anthill Clay. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technology, 1, 37-46.

Olusegun, H.D. and Ajiboye, T.K. (2009). Design Construction and Testing of Vibrator-Compactor Block Making Machine for Rural Application. International Journal of Engineering, 3(1), 1-14.

Dubοis, P. Pοllet, E. and Delcοurt, C. and Alexandre, M. (2006). Transesterificatiοn Catalysts tο Imprοve Clay Exfοliatiοn in Synthetic Biοdegradable Pοlyester Nanοcοmpοsites, European Polymer Journal, 42, 1330-1341.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.12.022

Olafedehan, O.A. (2010). Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Note for Postgraduate Students. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Lagos Nigeria.

Wang, H. Wang, M. Liu S. Zhao, N., Wei, W. and Sun, Y. (2006). Influence of Preparation Methods on the Structure and Performance of CaO-ZrO2 Catalyst for the Synthesis of Dimethylcarbonate via Transesterification. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 258 (1-2), 308-312.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.05.050

Macêdo, C.C.S. Abreu, F.R. Tavares, A.P. Alves, M.B. Zara, L.F. Rubim, J.C. and Suarez, P.A.Z. (2006). New Heterogeneous Metal-Oxides Based Catalyst for Vegetable Oil Transesterification. Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society, 17 (7), 1291-1296.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532006000700014

Rojas, S. (2013) Preparation of Catalyst: Heterogeneous Catalyst. ICP-CSIC.

Mether, L.C. Dharmagadda, V.S.S. and Naik, S.N. (2006). Optimization of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of pongamia pinnata oil for production of biodiesel. Bioresource Technology, 97, 1392-1397.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.07.003

Wen, Z. Yu, X. Tu, S. T. Yan, J. and Dahlquist, E. (2010). Synthesis of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil with Methanol Catalyzed by Li-Doped Magnesium Oxide Catalysts. Applied Energy, 87(3), 743-748.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.013

Alba-Rubio, A.C. Santamaría-González, J. Mérida-Robles, J. M. Moreno-Tost, R. Martin-Alonso, D. Jiménez-López, A. and Maireles-Torres, P. (2010). Heterogeneous Transesterification Processes by Using CaO Supported on Zinc Oxide as Basic Catalysts. Catalysis. Today, 149 (3-4), 281-287.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.06.024

Taufiq-Yap, Y.H. Abdullah, N.F. and Basri, M. (2011). Biodiesel Production via Transesterification of Palm Oil Using NaOH/Al2O3 Catalysts. Sains Malaysiana, 40(6): 587-594.

Lakhya, J.K. Singh, C. Jutika, B. Rupam, K. and Dhanapati, D. (2012). Biochar Supported CaO as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 1(7), 186-195.

Heydarzadeh, J.K. Amini, G. Khalizadeh, M.A. Pazouki, M. Ghoreyshi, A.A. Rabeai M. and Najafpour, G.D. (2010). Esterification of Free Fatty Acids by Heterogeneous -Alumina-Zirconia Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis. World Applied Sciences Journal, 9(11), 1306-1312.

Ding, J. Xia, Z. and Lu, J. (2012). Esterification and Acidification of Waste Cooking Oil (Tan 68.81 mgKOH/g) for Biodiesel Production. Energies, 5, 2683-2691.

https://doi.org/10.3390/en5082683

Sue, K. Kimura, K. Yamamoto, M. and Aras, K. (2004). Rapid Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods without Organics. Materials Letters, 58(26), 3350-3352.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.06.036

Kouzu, M. Kasuno, T. Tajika, M. Sugimoto, Y. Yamanaka, S. and Hidaka, J. (2008). Calcium Oxide as a Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil and its Application to Biodiesel Production. Fuel, 87, 2798-2806.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.10.019

Nijiu, S. Meera, S. Begun, K.S. and Anantharaman, N. (2014). Modification of Eggshell and its Application in Biodiesel Production. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 18, 702-706.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2014.02.010

Teixeira, A.P.C. Santos, E.M. Vieira, A.F.P. and Lago, R.M. (2013) Use of Chrysotile to Produce Highly Dispersed K-doped MgO Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis. Chemical Engineering Journal, 232, 104-110.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.07.065

Olutoye, M.A. Adeniyi, O.D. and Yusuff, A.S. (2016). Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil Using Mixed Clay-Eggshell Heterogeneous Catalyst. Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment, 7(3) 308-314.

https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.14

Di Serio, M. Dimiccoli, M. Cammarota, F. Nastasi, M. and Santacesaria, E. (2005). Synthesis of Biodiesel via Homogeneous Lewis Acid Catalyst. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 239(1), 111-115.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2005.05.041

Feng, G. and Zhen, F. (2011). Biodiesel Production with Solid Catalysts, Biodiesel- Feedstocks and Processing Technologies, Dr. Margarita Stoytcheva (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-713-0, InTech.

Downloads

Published

2017-09-30

How to Cite

Yusuff, A., Adeniyi, O., Olutoye, M., & Akpan, U. (2017). A Review on Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils. Journal of Applied Science &Amp; Process Engineering, 4(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.432.2017

Issue

Vol. 4 No. 2 (2017): Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering, Volume 4, Number 2, 2017

Section

Articles

License

Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal

1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.

2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.

3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.

4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.

5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.

6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.

To download Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal, click here