Optimisation of Water Absorption Parameters of Bagasse, Cocoa Pod Husk and Guinea Fowl Feather Reinforced Hybrid Epoxy Composites using Taguchi Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.3015.2021Keywords:
Reinforcement, Optimisation, Water Absorption, Particulates.Abstract
Particulate waste of bagasse, cocoa pod husk and guinea fowl feathers may be adopted to fabricate epoxy composites due to their properties of biodegradability, lightweight and cheapness. However, most research has excluded the combination of these reinforcements while the optimisation behaviour of the reinforced composites at room temperature water absorption process is not known. To fill this knowledge gap, this paper aims to analyse issues related to optimisation of the mentioned reinforced composites considering Taguchi’s L25 orthogonal array, the smaller the better signal-to-noise criterion and remodelling of signal-to-noise ratio after the exponential smoothening structure for optimisation. The experiment considered 25% reinforcement blends to 75% epoxy resin. But the 25% reinforcement had five formulations among the component reinforcements. The experiment, using tap water, was conducted for 216 days with measurement intervals random. The response table yielded A5B5C4, indicating 158 experimental days, 12.29g of weight gained by the drained composites, and 7.32g of weight gained by composites damped in 190ml of water. The revised response table that has been influenced by the exponential smoothening method yielded A5B5C5, interpreted as 158 days of experiments, 12.29g of weight gained by the drained composites, and 7.44g of weight gained by composites dumped in 190ml of water. Using the damping factors from 0.05 to 1, different combinations as optimal parameters were obtained, assuring the investigator that the method is feasible. Thus, the optimisation assessment could provide a new method of combining the reinforcement to enhance the composite development process using waste.
References
Castro, A. M., Ribeiro, M. C. S., Santos, J., Meixedo, J. P., Silva, F. J., Fiúza, A. & Alvim, M. R. (2013). Sustainable waste recycling solution for the glass fibre reinforced polymer composite materials industry. Construction and Building Materials, 45, 87-94..
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.092
Pillain, B., Lefeuvre, A., Garnier, S., Cadene, A. L., & Jacquemin, L. (2020). Sustainability engineering assessment research for recycling composites with high value: Stakeholders' views. Sustainable Development, 28(1), 197-207..
https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1986
Bansal G. and Singh V.K. (2016). Review on chicken feather fibre (CFF) as livestock waste in composite material development, International Journal of Water Resources, Vol.6, No.4, DOI; 10.4172/2252-5211.1000254
El-Shekeil, Y. A., Sapuan, S. M., & Algrafi, M. W. (2014). Effect of fiber loading on mechanical and morphological properties of cocoa pod husk fibers reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites. Materials & Design, 64, 330-333..
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.034
Chun K.S., Husseinsyah S., Osman H. (2014). Development of biocomposites from cocoa pod husk and polypropylene: Effect of filler content and 3-Aminopropy/triethoxy/silane, Polymers and Renewable Resources, Vol. 5, No. 4, 139-15.
https://doi.org/10.1177/204124791400500401
Chun, K. S., Husseinsyah, S., & Osman, H. (2014). Development of biocomposites from cocoa pod husk and polypropylene: effect of filler content and 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane. Polymers from Renewable Resources, 5(4), 139-156.
https://doi.org/10.1177/204124791400500401
Chun, K. S., & Husseinsyah, S. (2016). Agrowaste-based composites from cocoa pod husk and polypropylene: effect of filler content and chemical treatment. Journal of thermoplastic composite materials, 29(10), 1332-1351.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705714563125
Chun, K. S., Husseinsyah, S., & Yeng, C. M. (2017). Torque rheological properties of polypropylene/cocoa pod husk composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 30(9), 1217-1227.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705715618743
Hemnath A., Anbuchezhiyan G., NanthaKumar P., Senthilkumar N. (2020). Tensile and flexural behaviour of rice husk and sugarcane bagasse reinforced polyester composites, Materials Today: Proceedings.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.786
Palanivendhan M., Chandaradass J., Philip J. (2020). Fabrication and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy/bagasse ash composite by stir casting method, Materials Today: Proceedings,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.458
Kumar P.V., Paranthaman P. (2020). Friction stir welding process parametric optimization of hybrid aluminium- bagasse ash- graphite composite by Taguchi approach, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 37, Part 2, 2021, 764-768.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.789
Kawin N., Jagadeesh D., Saravanan G., Periasamy K. (2020). Optimization of turning parameters in sugarcane bagasse ash reinforced with Al-Si10-Mg alloy composites by Taguchi method, Materials Today: Proceedings, 21, Part 1, 474-476.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.634
Bhat S.A. , Singh J. , Vig A.P. (2016). Management of sugar industrial wastes through vermitechnology, International Letters of Natural Science, 55, 35-43 DOI 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILNS.55.35
https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILNS.55.35
Bari M.N. , and Ahmed T. (2016). Characterization of sugar industry wastes for solid state bioconversion, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICCESD-2016), At: KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh. ISBN: 978-984-34-0265-3
Ayanladun, C., & Oke, S. (2020). A Sensitivity Analysis of Water Absorption Parameters of Theobroma Cacao L. Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering, 7(2), 587-610..
https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.2604.2020
Devadiga D.G., Bhat K.S. & Mahesha G.T. (2020). Sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforced composites: Recent advances and applications, Cogent Engineering, 7(1), Article 1823159
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1823159
Kiatkittipong W., Wongsuchoto P. & Pavasant P. (2009). Life cycle assessment of bagasse waste management options, Waste Management, 29(5), 1628-1633.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.12.006
Abubakar M., El-Okene A.M., Buba A.N., Mohammed U.S. (2014).Investigation of properties of guinea fowl feather for engineering application, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, Vol. 3, No 5, 2484-2488. ISSN 2278-0181
Verma A, Negi P. & Singh V.K. (2018). Experimental investigation of chicken feather fibre and crumb rubber reformed epoxy resin hybrid composite: mechanical and microstructural characterization, Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Vol.27, No. 3-4, 1-24.
https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2018-0014
• Oladele, I. O., Okoro, A. M., Omotoyinbo, J. A., & Khoathane, M. C. (2018). Evaluation of the mechanical properties of chemically modified chicken feather fibres reinforced high density polyethylene composites. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 12(1), 56-63.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2018.1451103
Taghiyari H.R, Majidi R., Esmail pour A. Samachi Y.S., Jahangiri A., Papadopoulos A.N. (2020). Engineering composites made from wood and chicken feather bonded with UF resin fortified with wollastonite: A novel approach, Polymers, Vol.12, Article 857
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040857
Zhan M. and Wool R.P. (2016). Mechanical properties of composites with chicken feather and glass fibre, Applied Polymer Science, 133, Article 44013
https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44013
Suherman, H., & Sahari, J. (2015). Optimization of Moulding Parameters on the Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Black/Graphite/Epoxy Composite for Bipolar Plateusing the Taguchi Method. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 1119, pp. 201-206). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1119.201
Kiran Z.S., Babu V.S., Saisrinadh K.V. (2018). Effect of nanoclay, glass fiber volume and orientation on tensile strength of epoxy-glass composite and optimization using Taguchi method, World Journal of Engineering, Vol. 15 No. 2, 312-320.
https://doi.org/10.1108/WJE-08-2017-0286
Pang J.S. , Ansari M.N.M. , Zaroog O.S. , Alim H. , Sapuan S.M. (2013). Taguchi design optimization of machining parameters on the CNC end milling process of halloysite nanotube with aluminum reinforced epoxy matrix (HNT/AL/EP) hybrid composite, Housing and Building Research Center Journal
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.09.007
Bagci, M., & Imrek, H. (2013). Application of Taguchi method on optimization of testing parameters for erosion of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials. Materials & Design, 46, 706-712.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.024
Costa U.O., Naximento L.F.C. ,Garcial J.M. , Bezerra W.B.A. , Monteiro S.N. (2020). Evaluation of izod impact and bend properties of epoxy composites reinforced with mallow fibers, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 1, 373-382
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.10.066
Wang Y., Yang H., Tian Z., Yang B., Xian G., Weng J., Chen S., Ding X., Luo W. (2020). Mode 1: Interlaminar crack length prediction by the resistance signal of the integrated MWCNT sensor in WGF/epoxy composites during DCB test, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(3), 5922-5933.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.119
da Costa Garcia Filho, F., da Luz, F. S., Oliveira, M. S., Pereira, A. C., Costa, U. O., & Monteiro, S. N. (2020). Thermal behavior of graphene oxide-coated piassava fiber and their epoxy composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(3), 5343-5351.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.060
Ige O.E. I, Inambao F. L., Adewumi G. A. (2019). Biomass-based composites for brake pads: a review, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 920-943. ISSN Online: 0976-6359
Loh Y.R., Sujaria D, Rahman M.E., Das C.A. (2013). Sugarcane bagasse - The future composite material: A literature review, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 75, 14-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.03.002
Xiong W. (2018). Bagasse composites: A review of material preparation, attributes, and affecting factors, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, Vol 31, No. 8, 1112-1146.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705717734596
Vidyashri V., Lewis H., Narayanasamy P., Mahesha G.T., Bhat K.S. (2019). Preparation of chemically treated sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy composites and their characterization, Cogent Engineering, Vol.,6, No., Article 1708644,
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1708644
Kumar, T. S., Shalini, S., Kumar, K. K., Thavamani, R., & Subramanian, R. (2018). Bagasse Ash reinforced A356 alloy composite: synthesis and characterization. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(2), 7123-7130..
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.377
Imoisili, P. E., Ezenwafor, T. C., AttahDaniel, B. E., & Olusunle, S. O. O. (2013). Mechanical properties of Cocoa-Pod/Epoxy composite; effect of filler fraction. American Chemical Science Journal, 3(4), 526-531.
https://doi.org/10.9734/ACSJ/2013/5526
Imoisili PE, Etiobho BW, Ezenwafor TC, Attah-Daniels BE, Olusunle S.O. (2013b). Physicochemical analysis of cocoa pod and its effect as a filler in polymer resin composite, International Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 1, 89-93.
Imoisili P.E., Jiddah-Kazeem B., Yahaya L.E. (2016). Kinetic studies on water absorption properties of cocoa-pod epoxy composites, Iranian Journal of Energy and Environment, Vol. 7, No. 1, 48-51
Ramakrishnan S., Krishnamurthy K., Rajasekar R. and Rajeshkumar G. (2018). An experimental study on the effect of nano-clay addition on mechanical and water absorption behaviour of jute fibre reinforced epoxy composites, Journal of Industrial Textiles, 1-24.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083718792915
Mohammadi, M., Samadi, S., & Najafpour Darzi, G. (2016). Production of single cell protein from sugarcane bagasse by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in tray bioreactor. International Journal of Engineering, 29(8), 1029-1036.
https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ije.2016.29.08b.01
Mansur D., Tago T., Haznan T.M., Abimanyu A.H. 2014, Conversion of cacao pod husks by pyrolysis and catalytic reaction to produce useful chemicals, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 66, 275-285.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.03.065
Abubakar M., El-Okene A.M., Buba A.N., Mohammed U.S. (2014). Investigation of properties of guinea fowl feather for engineering application, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2484-2488. ISSN 2278-0181
Nwafor S., Oke S., Ayanladun C. (2019). Taguchi optimization of cast geometries for A356/organic particulate aluminium alloy composites using a two-phase casting process, Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 2, 386-411.
https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.1722.2019
Ajibade O.A., Agunsoye J.O., Oke S.A. (2019). Optimisation of water absorption parameters of dual-filler filled composites using Taguchi and moderated Taguchi techniques, Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 2, 134-151.
https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/100211
Saxena M., Pappu A., Sharma A., Haque R. and Wankhede S. (2011). Composite Materials from natural resources: Recent trend and future potentials, Chapter 6, Open Peer Reviewed Chapter, 121-162. IntechOpen Limited, London, UK.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
To download Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal, click here
