Passive Nitrogen Oxides Removal from a Diesel-engine Exhaust Gas using a Biomass-Carbon Catalyst
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.2213.2020Keywords:
NOx removal, Passive catalytic reduction, Carbon-supported catalyst, Depositionprecipitation method, Synergistic effectAbstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal from a diesel-engine exhaust gas is limited to the utilization of ammonia/urea as a reducing agent (SCR) which arose environmental concerns over the use of this chemical. Therefore, this study explored the potential of a sustainable NOx removal system by replacing ammonia with intrinsic reductants present in the exhaust gas such as hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, and by application of cost-effective carbon-supported transitional metals catalyst. Copper-cerium catalyst supported over palm kernel shell activated carbon (Cu-Ce/PKS) was synthesized via deposition-precipitation method. The characterization shows that the catalyst has a considerably high surface area (though lower than the support). The high NOx removal by Cu-Ce/PKS in a passive catalytic reaction is attributed to the surface area provided by the carbon support, the low copper reducibility giving the low optimum operating temperature, and the synergistic effect between Cu and Ce resulting in the wide temperature window at low-temperature range. It is concluded that Cu-Ce supported over palm kernel shell activated carbon can be further developed to reduce NOx in a passive catalytic removal for a sustainable and cost-effective SCR system.
References
Wang, Z., Zhou, J., Zhu, Y., Wen, Z., Liu, J. and Cen, K. (2007). Simultaneous Removal of NOx, SO2 and Hg in Nitrogen Flow in a Narrow Reactor by Ozone Injection: Experimental Results, Fuel Processing Technology; Vol. 88, 817-823.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.04.001
Wang, M., Liu, H., Huang, Z-H. and Kang, F. (2014). Activated Carbon Fibers Loaded with MnO2 for Removing NO at Room Temperature, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol.256, 101-106.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.06.108
Marnellos, G.E., Efthimiadis, E.A. and Vasalos, I.A. (2004). Mechanistic and Kinetic Analysis of the NOx Selective Catalytic Reduction by Hydrocarbons in Excess O2 over In/Al2O3 in the Presence of SO2 and H2O, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental; Vol.48, 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2003.09.011
Theinnoi, K., Sitshebo, S., Houel, V., Rajaram, R.R. and Tsolakis, A. (2008). Hydrogen Promotion of LowTemperature Passive Hydrocarbon-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) over a Silver Catalyst, Energy & Fuel; Vol.22, 4109-4114.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef8004515
Prasad, R. and Rattan, G. (2010). Preparation Methods and Applications of CuO-CeO2 Catalysts: A Short Review, Bulletin of Chemical reaction Engineering & Catalysis, Vol. 5, No. 1, 7-30.
https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.5.1.7125.7-30
Worch, D., Suprun, W. and Glaser, R. (2011). Supported Transition Metal-Oxide Catalysts for HC-SCR deNOx with Propene, Catalysis Today, Vol.176, 309-313.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2010.12.008
Shanmugapriya, K., You, H-S., Lee, H-C., Park, D.R., Lee, J-S. and Lee, C.W. (2007). A Study of NO+CO Reaction over Various Supported Catalysts in the Presence of O2 and H2O, Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, Vol.28, No.6, 1039-1041.
https://doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.6.1039
Chen, X., Gao, S., Wang, H., Liu, Y. and Wu, Z. (2011). Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO over Carbon Nanotubes Supported CeO2, Catalysis Communications; Vol.14, 1-5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.07.005
Bansal, R. and Goyal, M. (2005). Activated Carbon Adsorption. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420028812
Ampelli, C., Perathoner, S. and Centi, G. (2014). Carbon-based Catalysts: Opening New Scenario to Develop Next-Generation Nano-Engineered Catalytic Materials, Chinese Journal of Catalysis; Vol.35, 783-791.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60139-X
Daud, W.M.A.W., Ali, W.S.W. and Sulaiman, M.Z. (2000). The Effects of Carbonization Temperature on Pore Developement in Palm-Shell-Based Activated Carbon, Carbon, Vol. 38, 1925-1932.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00028-2
Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department Malaysia. Statistic of Major Agriculture Product. Retrieved from http://www.epu.gov.my/en/statistic-of-major-agriculture-product; 16 October, 2015.
Malaysian Palm Oil Board. Oil Palm Planted Area As At Dec 2014.31 12 2014. [Online]. Retrieved from http://bepi.mpob.gov.my/index.php/statistics/area/132-area-2014/713-oil-palm-planted-area-dec-2014.html; 16 October, 2015.
Nor, N.M., Chung, L.L., Teong, L.K. and Mohamed, A.R. (2013). Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Lignocellulosic Biomass and its Applications in Air Pollution Control - A Review, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering; Vol.1, 658-666.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.09.017
Pang, L., Fan, C., Shao, L., Song, K., Yi, J., Cai, X., Wang, J., Kang, M. and Li, T. (2014). The Ce Doping Cu/ZMS-5 as a New Superior Catalyst to Remove NO from Diesel Engine Exhaust, Chemical Engineering Journal; Vol.253, 394-401.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.090
Dou, B., Lv, G., Wang, C., Hao, Q. and Hui, K. (2015). Cerium Doped Copper/ZSM-5 Catalysts Used for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide with Ammonia, Chemical Engineering Journal; Vol.270, 549-556.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.02.004
Muniz, J., Marban, G. and Fuertes, A. (2000). Low Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO over Modified Activated Carbon Fibres, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental; Vol.27, 27-36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00134-X
Li, P., Lu, P., Zhai, Y., Li, C., Chen, T., Qing, R. and Zhang, W. (2015). Low Temperature SCR of NO with Catalysts Prepared by Modified ACF Loading Mn and Ce: Effects of Modification Method, Environmental Technology, Vol.36, No.18, 2390-2400.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1031829
Chen, J., Cao, F., Qu, R., Gao, X. and Cen, K. (2015). Bimetallic Cerium-Copper Nanoparticles Embedded in Ordered Mesoporous Carbons as Effective Catalysts for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol.456, 66-75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.06.001
Fan, X., Qiu, F., Yang, H., Tian, W., Hou, T. and Zhang, X. (2011). Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with Ammonia over Mn-Ce-Ox/TiO2-Carbon Nanotube Composites, Catalysis Communications, Vol.12, 1298-1301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.05.011
Lu, P., Li, C., Zeng, G., He, L., Peng, D., Cui, H., Li, S. and Zhai, Y. (2010). Low Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by Activated Carbon Fiber Loading Lanthanum Oxide and Ceria, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental; Vol.96, 157-161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.02.014
Ma, Z., Yang, H., Li, Q., Zheng, J. and Zhang, X. (2012). Catalytic Reduction of NO by NH3 over Fe-CuOx/CNTs-TiO2 Composites at low Temperature, Applied Catalysis A: General; Vol. 427-428, 43-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2012.03.028
Shu-li, B., Jiang-hong, Z., Li, W. and Zhen-ping, Z. (2009). Study of Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO By Ammonia over Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Vanadium, Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology; Vol.37, No.5, 583-587.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(10)60010-2
Pasel, J., Kabner, P., Montanari, B., Gazzano, M., Vaccari, A., Makowski, W., Lojewski, T., Dziembaj, R. and Papp, H. (1998). Transition Metal Oxides Supported on Active Carbons as Low Temperature Catalysts for the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol.18, 199-213.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(98)00033-2
Huang, B., Huang, R., Jin, D. and Ye, D. (2007). Low Temperature SCR of NO with NH3 over Carbon Nanotubes Supported Vanadium Oxides, Catalysis Today, Vol.126, 279-283.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.06.002
Iwamoto, M., Yahiro, H., Shundo, S., Yu-u, Y. and Mizuno, N. (1991). Influence of Sulfur Dioxide on Catalytic Removal of Nitric Oxide over Copper Ion-Exchanged ZSM-5 Zeolite, Applied Catalysis, Vol. 69, L15-L19.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-9834(00)83286-8
Zhu, L., Zhang, L., Qu, H. and Zhong, Q. (2015). A Study on Chemisorbed Oxygen and Reaction Process of Fe-CuOx/ZSM-5 via Ultrasonic Impregnation Method for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical; Vol.409, 207-215.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2015.08.029
Mrad, R., Aissat, A., Cousin, R., Courcot, D. and Siffert, S. (2015). Catalysts for NOx Selective Catalytic Reduction by Hydrocarbons (HC-SCR), Applied Catalysis A: General; Vol.504, 542-548.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.10.021
Rodriguez, J.A., Kim, J.Y., Hanson, J.C., Perez, M. and Frenkel, A.I. (2003). Reduction of CuO in H2: in situ Time-Resolved XRD Studies, Catalysis Letters; Vol.85, No.3-4, 247-254.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022110200942
Li, Q., Yang, H., Ma, Z. and Zhang, X. (2012). Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3 over CuOxCarbonaceous Materials, Catalysis Communications; Vol.17, 8-12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.10.008
Cao, F., Xiang, J., Su, S., Wang, P., Sun, L., Hu, S. and Lei, S. (2014). The Activity and Characterization of MnOx-CeO2-ZrO2/y-Al2O3 Catalysts for Low Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3, Chemical Engineering JournaL, Vol.243, 347-354.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.01.034
Liu, K., Yu, Q., Qin, Q. and Wang, C. (2017). Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide with Carbon Monoxide over Alumina-Pellet-Supported Catalysts in the Presence of Excess Oxygen, Environmental Technology, Vol.39, No.15, 1878-1885.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1341554
Dai, X., Jiang, W., Wang, W., Weng, X., Shang, Y., Xue, Y. and Wu, Z. (2018). Supercritical Water Syntheses of Transition Metal-Doped CeO2 Nano-Catalysts for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by CO: An in situ Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Study, Chinese Journal of Catalysis, Vol39, 728-735.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)63008-0
Lamacz, A., Krzton, A. and Djega-Mariadassou, G. (2013). Study on the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with Toluene over CuO/CeZrO2. A Conformation for the Three-Function Model of HC-SCR Using the Temperature Programmed Methods and in situ DRIFT, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol.142-143, 268-277.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.05.030
Zhu, P., Lu, M. and Zhou, R. (2012). Effect of Interaction between CuO and CeO2 on the Performance of CuO-CeO2 Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of CO in H2-Rich Streams, Indian Journal of Chemistry; Vol.51A, 1529-1537.
Yinghao, C., Tengteng, Z., Jiaxiu, G., Chao, L., Huaqiang, Y., Xiaofan, Z. and Yongjun, L (2015). Low Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by C3H6 over CeOx Loaded on AC Treated by HNO3, Journal of Rare Earth, Vol.33, No.4, 371-381.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(14)60429-4
Chen, L., Weng, D., Si, Z. and Wu, X. (2012). Synergistic Effect between Ceria and Tungsten Oxide on WO3-CeO2-TiO2 Catalysts for NH3-SCR Reaction, Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, Vol.22, No.4, 265-272.
