Exploring impact of Transformational Leadership, Engagement, and Commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Evidence from Indonesian Labor Unions

Authors

Luthfi Firdaus University of Lampung

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.7834.2025

Keywords:

Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Engagement, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Labor Union

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Transformational Leadership (TL) on Organizational Commitment (OC), Organizational Engagement (OE), and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in Indonesian labor unions. The study uses a quantitative approach, with a sample of 126 Indonesian labor union members. Data examined using structural equation modeling (SMART-PLS) According to the results, TL increases OC and OE among workers of labor unions but has no direct influence on OCB. OC neither acts as a mediator between TL and OCB nor has any significant impact on OCB. OE, however, emphasizes the need of involvement in fostering citizenship behaviors inside the organizational environment since it serves as a vital mediator in the connection between TL and OCB. The results suggest that labor union leaders should concentrate on strategies to increase organizational participation since this is essential for the development of OCB. While trying to improve voluntary, citizenship-like behavior among members, leaders should also take into account company culture and peer influence in view of the different impact of TL. In the framework of labor unions, this study clarifies the complex interactions among leadership, dedication, involvement, and citizenship behavior. It highlights TL's indirect influence on OCB by OE and offers understanding of collective organization leadership strategies.

References

Abas, N. I., Sri, H., Sawitri, R., & Puspawati, D. (2018). SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS http://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/sijdeb Transformational Leadership, Job Performance, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Mediating Role of Work Engagement. Sijdeb, 2(4), 363-376. https://doi.org/10.9259/sijdeb.v2i4.363-376

https://doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v2i4.363-376

Ackoff, R. L. (1999). Transformational Leadership. Strategy and Leadership, 27(1), 20-25.

https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054626

Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351121149-6

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x

Arthawati, S. N. (2018). Peran Serikat Pekerja Dalam Mendorong Produktivitas Dan Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Para Pekerja Pada Pt Nippon Shokubai Indonesia-Cilegon. Tirtayasa Ekonomika, 13(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.35448/jte.v13i1.4219

https://doi.org/10.35448/jte.v13i1.4219

Asyhadie, Z., Adha, L. H., & Kusuma, R. (2021). Jurnal Private Law Fakultas Hukum Universitas Mataram Peranan Dan Tanggung Jawab Serikat Pekerja Dalam Menciptakan Hubungan Kerja Yang Harmonis. 1(2).

https://doi.org/10.29303/prlw.v1i2.716

Bakhshi, A. (2011). Organizational Commitment as predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. 3(4), 78-87.

Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352

https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352

Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership: Second edition. In Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095

Blau, P. M. (2017). Exchange and power in social life. Exchange and Power in Social Life, 1-352. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203792643

https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203792643

Bolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Bloodgood, J. M. (2002). Citizenship behavior and the creation of social capital in organizations. Academy of Management, 27, 505-522. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4134400

https://doi.org/10.2307/4134400

Cahyanto, A. (2021). Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu dalam Hukum Ketenagakerjaan. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 2(2), 183-196.

https://doi.org/10.36418/jiss.v2i2.200

Chandani, A., Mehta, M., Mall, A., & Khokhar, V. (2016). Employee engagement: A review paper on factors affecting employee engagement. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(15). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i15/92145

https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i15/92145

Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques third edition (pp. 1-428).

Dekas, K. H., Bauer, T. N., Welle, B., Kurkoski, J., & Sullivan, S. (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior, version 2.0: A review and qualitative investigation of ocbs for knowledge workers at google and beyond. Academy of Management Perspectives, 27(3), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2011.0097

https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2011.0097

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Third Edition.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Hanaysha, J. (2016). Testing the Effects of Employee Engagement, Work Environment, and Organizational Learning on Organizational Commitment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.139

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.139

Hay, I. (2006). Transformational leadership: Characteristics and criticisms. E-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership, 5(2), 2-19. http://www.weleadinlearning.org/ejournal.htm

Ibrahim, Z. (2017). Eksistensi Serikat Pekerja/Serikat Buruh Dalam Upaya Mensejahterakan Pekerja. Jurnal Media Hukum, 23(2), 150-161. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2016.0076.150-161

https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2016.0076.150-161

ILO. (2022). Statistics on union membership - ILOSTAT. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/union-membership/

Imamoglu, S. Z., Ince, H., Turkcan, H., & Atakay, B. (2019). The Effect of Organizational Justice and Organizational Commitment on Knowledge Sharing and Firm Performance. Procedia Computer Science, 158, 899-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.129

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.129

Lachowicz, M. J., Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2018). A novel measure of effect size for mediation analysis. Psychological Methods, 23(2), 244-261. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000165

https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000165

Lapointe, E., Vandenberghe, C., & Panaccio, A. (2011). Organizational Commitment, Organization-Based Self-Esteem, Emotional Exhaustion and Turnover: A Conservation of Resources Perspective. Human Relations, 64(12), 1609-1631.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711424229

Lee, K., Allen, N. J., Meyer, J. P., & Rhee, K. Y. (2001). The three-component model of organisational commitment: An application to South Korea. Applied Psychology, 50(4), 596-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00075

https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00075

Lee, Y. H., Woo, B., & Kim, Y. (2018). Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: Mediating role of affective commitment. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 13(3), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117725286

https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117725286

Maharaj, I., & Schlechter, A. F. (2007). Meaning in life and meaning of work: Relationships with organisational citizenship behaviour, commitment and job satisfaction. Management Dynamics, 16(3), 24-41. http://search.proquest.com/docview/200212063?accountid=458%5Cnhttp://linksource.ebsco.com/linking.aspx?sid=ProQ:abiglobal&fmt=journal&genre=article&issn=1019567X&volume=16&issue=3&date=2007-07-01&spage=24&title=Management+Dynamics&atitle=Meaning+in+life+a

Marcella, Y., & Sudibya, K. P. (2018). Peran Organisasi Serikat Pekerja/Buruh Dalam Pembangunan Perekonomian Indonesia. Program Kekhususan Hukum Bisnis Fakultas Hukum Universitas Udayana, 1-15.

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501997_5

https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z

Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X

Nasruji, Firdiyansyah, I., Hazriyanto, & Hanico, A. (2021). Strategi Kepemimpinan Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia Batam Dalam Menciptakan Harmonisasi Industri Kota Batam. Jurnal Rekaman, 5(2), 223-230.

Nielsen, K., & Daniels, K. (2012). Does shared and differentiated transformational leadership predict followers' working conditions and well-being? Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 383-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.001

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.001

Novianti, K. R. (2021). Does Organizational Commitment Matter? Linking Transformational Leadership With Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(2), 335-345. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.02.09

https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.02.09

Nurjanah, S., Pebianti, V., & Handaru, A. W. (2020). The influence of transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational commitments on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the inspectorate general of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Cogent Business and Management, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1793521

https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1793521

Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. In Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/258426

Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. (1995). A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW OF ATTITUDINAL AND DISPOSITIONAL PREDICTORS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR. Personnel Psychology, 48.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01781.x

Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., & Bommer, W. H. (1996). Transformational Leader Behaviors and Substitutes for Leadership as Determinants of Employee Satisfaction, Commitment, Trust, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors The Dangers of Poor Construct Conceptualization View project Off duty deviance View proj. Journal of Management, 22(2), 259-298. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270726799

https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639602200204

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7

https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307

https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307

Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions. Leadership Quarterly, 15(3), 329-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.02.009

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.02.009

Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2013). Organizational Behavior 15th Edition. In Pearson Education, Inc.

Rochadi, S., Pramanti, A., & Sulaiman, A. (2020). Hubungan Industrial Era Demokrasi.pdf. Pensil 324.

Rodrigues, A. de O., & Ferreira, M. C. (2015). The Impact of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Style on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Psico-USF, 20(3), 493-504. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712015200311

https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712015200311

Sanamthong, E., Na-Nan, K., Joungtrakul, J., & ... (2017). Causal model of transformational leadership influencing organization engagement and organizational citizenship behavior of the employees in academic fields …. … Journal of Applied …, May. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Khahan-Na-Nan/publication/324861757_Causal_Model_of_Transformational_Leadership_Influencing_Organization_Engagement_and_Organizational_Citizenship_Behavior_of_the_Employees_in_Academic_Fields_of_the_Knowledge_Market_Ty

Sanwani, A. (2018). Peranan Serikat Pekerja Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No.13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan (Studi Kasus Pembelaan Hak-Hak Buruh Oleh Kspsi Di Kabupaten Tangerang). Jurnal Mozaik, X, 122-130. file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/mber 2018.pdf

Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., Moisescu, O. I., & Radomir, L. (2020). Structural model robustness checks in PLS-SEM. Tourism Economics, 26(4), 531-554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618823921

https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618823921

Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). THE MEASUREMENT OF ENGAGEMENT AND BURNOUT: A TWO SAMPLE CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYTIC APPROACH. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326

Shafazawana, M. T., Ying, C. Y., Mohamed Saad, Z., & Sukumaran, K. a/p. (2016). Managing Job Attitudes: The Roles of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35(October 2015), 604-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)00074-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00074-5

Sihabudin, B. (2017). Peran Serikat Pekerja Dalam Perlindungan Hak-Hak Pekerja Di Cv. Triona Multi Industri. Jurnal KAPemda - Kajian Administrasi Dan Pemerintahan Daerah, 10(6), 98-107. https://stisipbantenraya.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Peran-Serikat-Pekerja-Dalam-Perlindunga-Hak-Hak-Pekerja-Di-Cv.-Triona-Multi-Industri.pdf

Siswati, E. (2017). The Effect of Labour Union Towards a Labour Productivity in East Java. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Dan Akuntansi, 5(2), 56-72.

https://doi.org/10.33366/ref.v5i2.832

Sridadi, A. R., Eliyana, A., Gunawan, D. R., Kurniawan, M. D., Emur, A. P., & Yazid, Z. (2022). The mediating role of work engagement: A survey data on organizational citizenship behavior. Data in Brief, 42, 108243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108243

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108243

Tourish, D. (2013). The Dark Side of Transformational Leadership. In Routledge. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203558119

https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203558119

Ünal, Z. M., & Turgut, T. (2015). The Buzzword: Employee Engagement. Does Person- Organization Fit Contribute to Employee Engagement? Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 8(2), 157-179. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=116289972&site=ehost-live

Utomo, K. U., & Lubis, R. I. A. (2019). Analisis Komunikasi Bipartit Dalam Menjaga Harmonisasi Antara. International Conference Communication and Sosial Sciences (ICCOMSOS), 1, 137-147.

Vipraprastha, T., Sudja, I. N., & Yuesti, A. (2018). The Effect of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment to Employee Performance with Citizenship Organization (OCB) Behavior as Intervening Variables (At PT Sarana Arga Gemeh Amerta in Denpasar City). International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, 9(02), 20503-20518. https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/02/435

https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/02/435

Wang, H., Law, K. S., Hackett, R. D., Wang, D., & Chen, Z. X. (2005). Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers' performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.17407908

https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.17407908

Yadav, M., Choudhary, S., & Jain, S. (2019). Transformational leadership and knowledge sharing behavior in freelancers: A moderated mediation model with employee engagement and social support. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 12(2), 202-224. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-08-2017-0030

https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-08-2017-0030

Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2009). Moderating Role of Follower Characteristics With Transformational Leadership and Follower Work Engagement. Group & Organization Management, 34(5), 590-619.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601108331242

Downloads

Published

2025-09-01

How to Cite

Luthfi Firdaus. (2025). Exploring impact of Transformational Leadership, Engagement, and Commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Evidence from Indonesian Labor Unions. International Journal of Business and Society, 26(2), 772–792. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.7834.2025

Download Citation

Issue

Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025): International Journal of Business and Society

Section

Articles

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal

1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.

2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.

3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.

4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.

5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.

6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.