Anthropomorphism And Authenticity Exploring The Dynamics Of Virtual Influencers In Contemporary Marketing

Authors

  • Claudya Wasti Digital Business, Management Department, BINUS Business School Master Program, BINUS University, Indonesia
  • Gabriella Ellizabeth Digital Business, Management Department, BINUS Business School Master Program, BINUS University, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Izdihar Adhyatma Digital Business, Management Department, BINUS Business School Master Program, BINUS University, Indonesia
  • Amalia E. Maulana Creative Marketing, Management Department, BINUS Business School Master Program, BINUS University, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.7631.2024

Keywords:

virtual influencer, influencer marketing, anthropomorphism, perceived authenticity, intention to engage

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of Virtual Influencers (VIs) on consumer behaviour and their implications for brands. The objective is to understand how consumers perceive and interact with VIs compared to traditional human influencers. Findings reveal that VIs offer unique advantages, including constant availability, adaptability, and cost-effectiveness, which can enhance brand engagement. However, concerns about authenticity, trustworthiness, and ethical implications persist. Utilizing anthropomorphism theory, the study demonstrates that brands can foster consumer connection and trust by imbuing VIs with human-like traits. Detailed analysis indicates that while VIs can effectively engage consumers, the perceived lack of authenticity poses a challenge. Nevertheless, when VIs are strategically integrated into marketing campaigns, they can significantly influence consumer behaviour and brand perception. Ultimately, these insights enable companies to develop targeted marketing strategies, leveraging VIs to shape consumer culture and brand narratives effectively. This research underscores the potential of VIs in modern marketing, providing a framework for brands to navigate the evolving digital landscape.

References

Aggarwal, P., & McGill, A. L. (2007). Is that car smiling at me? schema congruity as a basis for evaluating anthropomorphized products. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(4), 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1086/518544

https://doi.org/10.1086/518544

Amelina, D., & Zhu, Y.-Q. (2016). Investigating effectiveness of source credibility elements on social commerce endorsement: The case of Instagram in Indonesia. Proceedings of Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems 2016, 232-242.

Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020). The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1

Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H., Moriarty, J., Schmitz, B., Costa, D., & Ell, P. (1994). Recognition of mental state terms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165(5), 640-649.

https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.5.640

Bartneck, C., Kulić, D., Croft, E., & Zoghbi, S. (2009). Measurement instruments for the anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety of robots. International Journal of Social Robotics, 1(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-008-0001-3

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-008-0001-3

Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x

Bergkvist, L., & Zhou, K. Q. (2016). Celebrity endorsements: A literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Advertising, 35(4), 642-663. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2015.1137537

https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2015.1137537

Bianchi, C., & Andrews, L. (2018). Consumer engagement with retail firms through social media: An empirical study in Chile. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 46(4), 364-385. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-02-2017-0035

https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-02-2017-0035

Bodenhausen, G. V., Kramer, G. P., & Süsser, K. (1994). Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(4), 621-632. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.621

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.621

Carter, D. (2016). Hustle and brand: The sociotechnical shaping of influence. Social Media + Society, 2(3), 205630511666630. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116666305

https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116666305

Chang, S. E., Shen, W.-C., & Liu, A. Y. (2016). Why mobile users trust smartphone social networking services? A PLS-SEM approach. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 4890-4895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.048

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.048

Conti, M., Gathani, J., & Tricomi, P. P. (2022). Virtual influencers in online social media. IEEE Communications Magazine, 60(8), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.2100786

https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.2100786

Cornelis, E., & Peter, P. C. (2017). The real campaign: The role of authenticity in the effectiveness of advertising disclaimers in digitally enhanced images. Journal of Business Research, 77, 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.018

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.018

Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008

https://doi.org/10.2307/249008

DiSalvo, C., & Gemperle, F. (2003). From seduction to fulfillment: The use of anthropomorphic form in design. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1145/782896.782913

https://doi.org/10.1145/782896.782913

Douglass, R. (2022). The rise of virtual influencers: The phenomena taking over fashion marketing. Retrieved 22 February, 2024, from fashionunited.com: https://fashionunited.com/news/business/the-rise-of-virtual-influencers-the-phenomena-taking-over-fashion-marketing/2022122051334

Duffy, B. R. (2003). Anthropomorphism and the social robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 42(3-4), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8890(02)00374-3

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8890(02)00374-3

Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114(4), 864-886. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.864

https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.864

Evers, V., Maldonado, H. C., Brodecki, T. L., & Hinds, P. J. (2008). Relational vs. group self-construal: Untangling the role of national culture in HRI. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction, 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1145/1349822.1349856

https://doi.org/10.1145/1349822.1349856

Giles, D. C. (2002). Parasocial interaction: A review of the literature and a model for future research. Media Psychology, 4(3), 279-305. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0403_04

https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0403_04

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

He, Y., Li, W., & Xue, J. (2022). What and how driving consumer engagement and purchase intention in officer live streaming? A two-factor theory perspective. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 56, 101223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2022.101223

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2022.101223

Horton, D., & Richard Wohl, R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049

https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049

Jacks, C. (2023). What Is An Influencer?. Retrieved March 31, 2024, from hireinfluence.com: https://hireinfluence.com/blog/what-is-an-influencer/

Kádeková, Z., & Holienčinová, M. (2018). Influencer marketing as a modern phenomenon creating a new frontier of virtual opportunities. Communication Today, 9(2), 90-105.

Kesmodel, U. S. (2018). Cross‐sectional studies - what are they good for? Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 97(4), 388-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13331

https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13331

Kim, D. Y., & Kim, H.-Y. (2021). Trust me, trust me not: A nuanced view of influencer marketing on social media. Journal of Business Research, 134, 223-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.024

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.024

Koles, B., Audrezet, A., Moulard, J. G., Ameen, N., & McKenna, B. (2024). The authentic virtual influencer: Authenticity manifestations in the metaverse. Journal of Business Research, 170, 114325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114325

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114325

Lee, J. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2021). Perceived authenticity of social media influencers: Scale development and validation. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(4), 822-841. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-12-2020-0253

https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-12-2020-0253

Lim, R. E., & Lee, S. Y. (2023). "You are a virtual influencer!": Understanding the impact of origin disclosure and emotional narratives on parasocial relationships and virtual influencer credibility. Computers in Human Behavior, 148, 107897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107897

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107897

Lloyd, A. E., & Luk, S. T. K. (2011). Interaction behaviors leading to comfort in the service encounter. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(3), 176-189. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041111129164

https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041111129164

Lou, C., & Yuan, S. (2019). Influencer marketing: How message value and credibility affect consumer trust of branded content on social media. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 19(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2018.1533501 Machneva, M., Evans, A. M., & Stavrova, O. (2022). Consensus and (lack of) accuracy in perceptions of avatar trustworthiness. Computers in Human Behavior, 126, 107017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107017

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107017

Malhotra, G., & Ramalingam, M. (2023). Perceived anthropomorphism and purchase intention using artificial intelligence technology: Examining the moderated effect of trust. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2022-0316

https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2022-0316

Masuda, H., Han, S. H., & Lee, J. (2022). Impacts of influencer attributes on purchase intentions in social media influencer marketing: Mediating roles of characterizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121246

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121246

Miao, F., Kozlenkova, I. V., Wang, H., Xie, T., & Palmatier, R. W. (2022). An emerging theory of avatar marketing. Journal of Marketing, 86(1), 67-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242921996646

https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242921996646

Miller, F. M. (2015). Ad authenticity: An alternative explanation of advertising's effect on established brand attitudes. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 36(2), 177-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2015.1023871

https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2015.1023871

Mori, M., MacDorman, K., & Kageki, N. (2012). The uncanny valley [From the Field]. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 19(2), 98-100. https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811

https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811

Moustakas, E., Lamba, N., Mahmoud, D., & Ranganathan, C. (2020). Blurring lines between fiction and reality: Perspectives of experts on marketing effectiveness of virtual influencers. 2020 International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CyberSecurity49315.2020.9138861

https://doi.org/10.1109/CyberSecurity49315.2020.9138861

Muniz, F., Stewart, K., & Magalhães, L. (2024). Are they humans or are they robots? The effect of virtual influencer disclosure on brand trust. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 23(3), 1234-1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2271

https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2271

Na, Y., Kim, Y., & Lee, D. (2023). Investigating the effect of self-congruity on attitudes toward virtual influencers: Mediating the effect of emotional attachment. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2238365

https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2238365

Puspitasari, A. F. (2014). Brand awareness, ad attitudes and ad features toward engagement on Youtube: an empirical study of green automobiles. Asia Pacific Management and Business Application, 2(3), 170-183. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2014.002.03.3

https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2014.002.03.3

Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. In C. Homburg, M. Klarmann, & A. Vomberg (Eds.), Handbook of Market Research (pp. 587-632). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15

Schallehn, M., Burmann, C., & Riley, N. (2014). Brand authenticity: Model development and empirical testing. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23(3), 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-06-2013-0339

https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-06-2013-0339

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Shen, Z. (2024). Shall brands create their own virtual influencers? A comprehensive study of 33 virtual influencers on Instagram. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02698-y

https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02698-y

Stockemer, D. (2019). Quantitative Methods for the Social Sciences: A Practical Introduction with Examples in SPSS and Stata. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99118-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99118-4

Timpano, K. R., & Shaw, A. M. (2013). Conferring humanness: The role of anthropomorphism in hoarding. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(3), 383-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.007 Torres, P., Augusto, M., & Matos, M. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes of digital influencer endorsement: An exploratory study. Psychology & Marketing, 36(12), 1267-1276. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21274

https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21274

Tran, V. D., & Nguyen, T. D. (2022). The impact of security, individuality, reputation, and consumer attitudes on purchase intention of online shopping: The evidence in Vietnam. Cogent Psychology, 9(1), 2035530. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2022.2035530

https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2022.2035530

Waytz, A., Heafner, J., & Epley, N. (2014). The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005

Yang, J., Chuenterawong, P., Lee, H., & Chock, T. M. (2023). Anthropomorphism in CSR endorsement: A comparative study on humanlike vs. cartoonlike virtual influencers' climate change messaging. Journal of Promotion Management, 29(5), 705-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2022.2163041

https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2022.2163041

Yogeeswaran, K., Złotowski, J., Livingstone, M., Bartneck, C., Sumioka, H., & Ishiguro, H. (2016). The interactive effects of robot anthropomorphism and robot ability on perceived threat and support for robotics research. Journal of Human-Robot Interaction, 5(2), 29-47. https://doi.org/10.5898/JHRI.5.2.Yogeeswaran

https://doi.org/10.5898/JHRI.5.2.Yogeeswaran

Yoon, D., & Kim, Y.-K. (2016). Effects of self-congruity and source credibility on consumer responses to coffeehouse advertising. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 25(2), 167-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2014.1001932

https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2014.1001932

Young, J. E., Sung, J., Voida, A., Sharlin, E., Igarashi, T., Christensen, H. I., & Grinter, R. E. (2011). Evaluating human-robot interaction: Focusing on the holistic interaction experience. International Journal of Social Robotics, 3(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-010-0081-8

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-010-0081-8

Złotowski, J., Proudfoot, D., Yogeeswaran, K., & Bartneck, C. (2015). Anthropomorphism: Opportunities and challenges in human-robot interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics, 7(3), 347-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0267-6

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-014-0267-6

Downloads

Published

2024-08-18

How to Cite

Claudya Wasti, Gabriella Ellizabeth, Muhammad Izdihar Adhyatma, & Amalia E. Maulana. (2024). Anthropomorphism And Authenticity Exploring The Dynamics Of Virtual Influencers In Contemporary Marketing. International Journal of Business and Society, 25(2), 789–809. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.7631.2024