SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2: EXPLORING BANDURA’S TRIADIC MODEL FOR BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE AMONG URBAN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS.
Abstract
The average Malaysian disposes of 15,000 tonnes of food waste per day, out of which 6,000 tonnes is avoidable waste that could feed the poor. This study aims to address food security issues (SDG 2) in Malaysia by using Bandura’s Triadic Model of Reciprocal Determination to examine food wastage behaviours among urban post-millennials. Food waste, which comprises spoilage, preparation waste, and plate waste, is common in schools; as such, qualitative interviews were conducted with 25 urban primary school students in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The findings revealed the interplay between students' personal factors, physical environment factors, and social environment factors in influencing their food wastage behaviours and perspectives. Additionally, it was observed that behavioural changes towards zero-food waste within the school community require environmental interventions, as urban school-goers lack knowledge of food storage alternatives, while their surrounding environment does not support broader food security concerns. Based on the findings, this study proposed a modified triadic model which incorporates permaculture as a sustainable practice in urban schools in Malaysia. Permaculture can act as an environmental stimulus that cultivates students’ positive personal attitudes and feelings towards reducing food waste. Subsequently, there would be a reduction in food waste behaviour within the students' existing ecosystem. This study promotes the reduction of food waste in urban schools and contributes towards formulating a framework for food security in schools.
References
Aguinaga, E., Henriques, I., Scheel, C., & Scheel, A. (2018). Building resilience: A self-sustainable community approach to the triple bottom line. Journal of Cleaner Production, 173, 186-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.094
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.094
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Theories of Cognitive Self-Regulation, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akinsemolu, A. (2018). The role of microorganisms in achieving the sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182(1), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.081 0959-6526/
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.081
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 Bandura, A. (1978). The self-system in reciprocal determinism. American Psychologist, 33(4), 344-358. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.4.344
https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.4.344
Bandura, A. (1989). Social Cognitive Theory. In Annals of child development (Vol. 6, p. 60). JAI Press.
Baranowski, T. (1990). Reciprocal Determinism at the Stages of Behaviour Change: An Integration of Community, Personal and Behavioural Perspectives. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 10(4), 297-327. https://doi.org/10.2190/NKBY-UVD6-K542-1QVR
https://doi.org/10.2190/NKBY-UVD6-K542-1QVR
Barthel, S., & Isendahl, C. (2013). Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: Sources of resilience for long-term food security in cities. Sustainable Urbanisation: A Resilient Future, 86, 224-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.06.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.06.018
Bill, M. (1979). Permaculture Two. Practical design for town and country in permanent agriculture. Tagari.
Bowen, G. A. (2008). Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: a research note. Qualitative Research, 8(1), 137-152. doi: 10.1177/1468794107085301
https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107085301
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Breen, M. (2010). Digital determinism: Culture industries in the USA-Australia Free Trade Agreement. New Media & Society, 12(4), 657-676. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342774
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342774
Brown, M. E. (2021). Metrics to Accelerate Private Sector Investment in Sustainable Development Goal 2-Zero Hunger. Sustainability, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115967
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115967
Department of Statistics Malaysia (2018). Children statistics publication, Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=RWsxR3RwRVhDRlJkK1BLalgrMGRlQT09
Department of Statistics Malaysia (2015) Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctheme&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09&bul_id=MDMxdHZjWTk1SjFzTzNkRXYzcVZjdz09
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research (3 ed.). California, USA: Sage Publications.
Dangi, T., & Jamal, T. (2016). An Integrated Approach to "Sustainable Community-Based Tourism." Sustainability, 8(5), 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475
https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475
Dimock, M. (2019). Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. Pew Research Centre, 17, 7.
Fedosejeva, J., Boče, A., Romanova, M., Iliško, D., & Ivanova, O. (2018). Education for Sustainable Development: The Choice of Pedagogical Approaches and Methods for the Implementation of Pedagogical Tasks in the Anthropocene Age. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 20(1), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2018-0010
https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2018-0010
Ferguson, R. S., & Lovell, S. T. (2015). Grassroots engagement with transition to sustainability: Diversity and modes of participation in the international permaculture movement. Ecology and Society, 20(4). http://www.jstor.org/stable/26270300
https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08048-200439
Fila, S. A., & Smith, C. (2006). Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour to healthy eating behaviours in urban Native American youth. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-11
https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-11
Fry, R., & Parker, K. (2018). 'Post-Millennial' Generation On Track To Be Most Diverse, Best-Educated | Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/11/15/early- benchmarks-show-post-millennials-on-track-to-be-most-diverse-best-educated-generation-yet/
Goh, E., & Jie, F. (2019). To waste or not to waste: Exploring motivational factors of Generation Z hospitality employees towards food wastage in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 80, 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.02.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.02.005
Gray, S. G., Raimi, K. T., Wilson, R., & Árvai, J. (2019). Will Millennials save the world? The effect of age and generational differences on environmental concern. Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.071
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.071
Guion, L., Diehl, D., & McDonald, D. (2011). Conducting an In-depth Interview. EDIS, 2011. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fy393-2011
https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fy393-2011
Heikal Ismail, M., Ghazi, T. I. Mohd., Hamzah, M. H., Manaf, L. A., Tahir, R. M., Mohd Nasir, A., & Ehsan Omar, A. (2020). Impact of Movement Control Order (MCO) due to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on Food Waste Generation: A Case Study in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Sustainability, 12(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218848
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218848
Hivner, E. A., Hoke, A. M., Francis, E. B., Lehman, E. B., Hwang, G. W., & Kraschnewski, J. L. (2019). Training teachers to implement physical activity: Applying social cognitive theory. Health Education Journal, 78(4), 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896918820558
https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896918820558
Ip-Soo-Ching, J. M., & Veerapa, N. K. (2015). Permaculture: Insights in to kitchen gardens of environmental and eco-tourism operator in Thailand. Acta Horticulturae, 1088, 633-636. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1088.118
https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1088.118
Jarjusey, F., & Chamhuri, N. (2018). Consumers' Awareness and Knowledge about Food Waste in Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 2(2), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.24088/IJBEA-2017-22002
https://doi.org/10.24088/IJBEA-2017-22002
Jereme, I., Siwar, C., Begum, R. A., & Talib, B. A. (2016). Addressing the problems of food waste generation in Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 3(8), 68‐77.
https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2016.08.012
Keng, Z. X., Chong, S., Ng, C. G., Ridzuan, N. I., Hanson, S., Pan, G.-T., Lau, P. L., Supramaniam, C. V., Singh, A., Chin, C. F., & Lam, H. L. (2020). Community-scale composting for food waste: A life-cycle assessment-supported case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 121220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121220
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121220
Kibler, K. M., Reinhart, D., Hawkins, C., Motlagh, A. M., & Wright, J. (2018). Food waste and the food-energy-water nexus: A review of food waste management alternatives. Waste Management, 74, 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.014
Kling, W. (1943). Food Waste in Distribution and Use. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 25(4), 848-859. https://doi.org/10.2307/1231591
https://doi.org/10.2307/1231591
Kortesluoma, R., Hentinen, M., & Nikkonen, M. (2003). Conducting a qualitative child interview: Methodological considerations. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(5), 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02643.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02643.x
Kwan, M. Y. W., Cairney, J., Hay, J. A., & Faught, B. E. (2013). Understanding physical activity and motivations for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: An investigation using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 3691-3698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.020 Lemaire, A., & Limbourg, S. (2019). How can food loss and waste management achieve sustainable development goals? Journal of Cleaner Production, 234, 1221-1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.226
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.226
Lien, N., Lytle, L. A., & Komro, K. A. (2002). Applying Theory of Planned Behaviour to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption of Young Adolescents. American Journal of Health Promotion, 16(4), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-16.4.189
https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-16.4.189
Linke, S. E., Robinson, C. J., & Pekmezi, D. (2013). Applying Psychological Theories to Promote Healthy Lifestyles. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(1), 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613487496
https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613487496
Liu, J., Wu, J. S., & Che, T. (2019). Understanding perceived environment quality in affecting tourists' environmentally responsible behaviours: A broken windows theory perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.007
Malaysia among Most Urbanized Countries in East Asia. (2015). [Text/HTML]. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/01/26/malaysia-among-most-urbanized-countries-in-east-asia
Monteiro, N. B. R., da Silva, E. A., & Moita Neto, J. M. (2019). Sustainable development goals in mining. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 509-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.332 0959-6526
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.332
Montiel, I., Delgado-Ceballos, J., Ortiz-de-Mandojana, N., & Antolin-Lopez, R. (2020). New Ways of Teaching: Using Technology and Mobile Apps to Educate on Societal Grand Challenges. Journal of Business Ethics, 161(2), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04184-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04184-x
National Solid Waste Management Department (2016). Food waste management development plan for industry, commercial and institution sector. http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/
Ong, S.-Q., Lee, B.-B., Tan, G.-P., & Maniam, S. (2019). Food Waste Pattern in Tertiary Education Institution in Penang: Quantitative Comparison of Food Waste Composition Between Semester Break and Start. Pertanika, 27(1), 379-389.
Papargyropoulou, E., Steinberger, J. K., Wright, N., Lozano, R., Padfield, R., & Ujang, Z. (2019). Patterns and Causes of Food Waste in the Hospitality and Food Service Sector: Food Waste Prevention Insights from Malaysia. Sustainability, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216016
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216016
Parfit, J., Barthel, M., & Macnaughton, S. (2010). Food waste within food supply chains: Quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 365, 3065-3081. https://doi.org/doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0126
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0126
Pearson, P., McBride, M., & Prezkop, L. (2018). No food left behind. Part 1: Underutilized produce ripe for alternative markets (pp. 1-23). WWF.
Phillips, D. C., & Orton, R. (1983). The new causal principle of cognitive learning theory: Perspectives on Bandura's "reciprocal determinism." Psychological Review, 90(2), 158-165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.90.2.158
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.90.2.158
Phipps, M., Ozanne, L. K., Luchs, M. G., Subrahmanyan, S., Kapitan, S., Catlin, J. R., Gau, R., Naylor, R. W., Rose, R. L., Simpson, B., & Weaver, T. (2013). Understanding the inherent complexity of sustainable consumption: A social cognitive framework. Recent Advances in Globalization, Culture and Marketing Strategy, 66(8), 1227-1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.016
Rezai, G., Shamsudin, M. N., & Mohamed, Z. (2016). Urban Agriculture: A Way Forward to Food and Nutrition Security in Malaysia. Urban Planning and Architectural Design for Sustainable Development (UPADSD), 216, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.006
Rosa, W. (Ed.). (2017). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In A New Era in Global Health. Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826190123.ap02
https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826190123.ap02
Salvia, A. L., Filho, W. L., Brandli, L. L., & Griebeler, J. S. (2019). Assessing research trends related to Sustainable Development Goals: Local and global issues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 208, 841-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.242
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.242
Schinke, R. J., Bonhomme, J., McGannon, K. R., & Cummings, J. (2012). The internal adaptation processes of professional boxers during the Showtime Super Six Boxing Classic: A qualitative thematic analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 830- 839. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.006
Senarai Sekolah Rendah KPM. (2019). https://www.moe.gov.my/muat-turun/laporan-dan-statistik/senarai-sekolah
Sharif, N. A. M. (2018, December 18). "Amount of food wasted by Malaysians enough to feed 12 million people a day." NST. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/441882/amount-food-wasted-malaysians-enough-feed-12-million-people-day
Shearer, L., Gatersleben, B., Morse, S., Smyth, M., & Hunt, S. (2017). A problem unstuck? Evaluating the effectiveness of sticker prompts for encouraging household food waste recycling behaviour. Special Thematic Issue: Urban Mining and Circular Economy, 60, 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.036
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.036
Siow, M. L., Ramachandran, S., Shuib, A., Nair, V., & Mohammad Afandi, S. H. (2013). Scoping the Potentials and Pitfalls of Rural Tourism Policies: Constructivism as a Theoretical Lens. Pertanika, 36(S), 157-172.
Solomon, M. R. (2007). Consumer Behaviour: Buying, having and being (5th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Sulaiman, N., Shariff, Z. M., Jalil, R. A., Taib, M. N. M., Kandiah, M., & Samah, A. A. (2011). Validation of the Malaysian Coping Strategy Instrument to Measure Household Food Insecurity in Kelantan, Malaysia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 354-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200407
https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200407
Sustainable Development Goals. (2018). Goal 2: Zero Hunger. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg2
Swaffield, J., Evans, D., & Welch, D. (2018). Profit, reputation and 'doing the right thing': Convention theory and the problem of food waste in the UK retail sector. Geoforum, 89, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.01.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.01.002
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Decomposition and crossover effects in the theory of planned behaviour: A study of consumer adoption intentions. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(2), 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(94)00019-K
https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(94)00019-K
Thyberg, K. L., & Tonjes, D. J. (2016). Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 106, 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.016
United Nations Official Document-General Assembly. (2015). United Nations. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World population projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100. (2017). https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-2017.html
Vogliano, C., Murray, L., Coad, J., Wham, C., Maelaua, J., Kafa, R., & Burlingame, B. (2021). Progress towards SDG 2: Zero hunger in melanesia - A state of data scoping review. Global Food Security, 29, 100519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100519
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100519
Whitefield, P. (2000). Permaculture in a Nutshell. Permanent Publications.
Yamane, T., & Kaneko, S. (2021). Is the Younger Generation a Driving Force Toward Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals? Survey Experiments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 125932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125932
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125932
Zezza, A., & Tasciotti, L. (2010). Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security: Empirical evidence from a sample of developing countries. Food Policy, 35(4), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.04.007
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
