SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2: EXPLORING BANDURA’S TRIADIC MODEL FOR BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE AMONG URBAN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS.

Authors

  • Siow May Ling Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Sridar Ramachandran School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Osman Mohd. Tahir Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Ahmad Shuib School of Hospitality, Tourism & Events Faculty of Social Sciences & Leisure Management, Taylor’s University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.6399.2023

Keywords:

post-millennials, cradle-to-cradle, food security, Reciprocal Determination, food waste, responsible consumption, food loss, Generation Z

Abstract

The average Malaysian disposes of 15,000 tonnes of food waste per day, out of which 6,000 tonnes is avoidable waste that could feed the poor. This study aims to address food security issues (SDG 2) in Malaysia by using Bandura’s Triadic Model of Reciprocal Determination to examine food wastage behaviours among urban post-millennials. Food waste, which comprises spoilage, preparation waste, and plate waste, is common in schools; as such, qualitative interviews were conducted with 25 urban primary school students in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The findings revealed the interplay between students' personal factors, physical environment factors, and social environment factors in influencing their food wastage behaviours and perspectives. Additionally, it was observed that behavioural changes towards zero-food waste within the school community require environmental interventions, as urban school-goers lack knowledge of food storage alternatives, while their surrounding environment does not support broader food security concerns. Based on the findings, this study proposed a modified triadic model which incorporates permaculture as a sustainable practice in urban schools in Malaysia. Permaculture can act as an environmental stimulus that cultivates students’ positive personal attitudes and feelings towards reducing food waste. Subsequently, there would be a reduction in food waste behaviour within the students' existing ecosystem. This study promotes the reduction of food waste in urban schools and contributes towards formulating a framework for food security in schools.

References

Aguinaga, E., Henriques, I., Scheel, C., & Scheel, A. (2018). Building resilience: A self-sustainable community approach to the triple bottom line. Journal of Cleaner Production, 173, 186-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.094

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.094

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Theories of Cognitive Self-Regulation, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Akinsemolu, A. (2018). The role of microorganisms in achieving the sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182(1), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.081 0959-6526/

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.081

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 Bandura, A. (1978). The self-system in reciprocal determinism. American Psychologist, 33(4), 344-358. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.4.344

https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.4.344

Bandura, A. (1989). Social Cognitive Theory. In Annals of child development (Vol. 6, p. 60). JAI Press.

Baranowski, T. (1990). Reciprocal Determinism at the Stages of Behaviour Change: An Integration of Community, Personal and Behavioural Perspectives. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 10(4), 297-327. https://doi.org/10.2190/NKBY-UVD6-K542-1QVR

https://doi.org/10.2190/NKBY-UVD6-K542-1QVR

Barthel, S., & Isendahl, C. (2013). Urban gardens, agriculture, and water management: Sources of resilience for long-term food security in cities. Sustainable Urbanisation: A Resilient Future, 86, 224-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.06.018

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.06.018

Bill, M. (1979). Permaculture Two. Practical design for town and country in permanent agriculture. Tagari.

Bowen, G. A. (2008). Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: a research note. Qualitative Research, 8(1), 137-152. doi: 10.1177/1468794107085301

https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107085301

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Breen, M. (2010). Digital determinism: Culture industries in the USA-Australia Free Trade Agreement. New Media & Society, 12(4), 657-676. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342774

https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342774

Brown, M. E. (2021). Metrics to Accelerate Private Sector Investment in Sustainable Development Goal 2-Zero Hunger. Sustainability, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115967

https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115967

Department of Statistics Malaysia (2018). Children statistics publication, Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=RWsxR3RwRVhDRlJkK1BLalgrMGRlQT09

Department of Statistics Malaysia (2015) Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctheme&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09&bul_id=MDMxdHZjWTk1SjFzTzNkRXYzcVZjdz09

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research (3 ed.). California, USA: Sage Publications.

Dangi, T., & Jamal, T. (2016). An Integrated Approach to "Sustainable Community-Based Tourism." Sustainability, 8(5), 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475

https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475

Dimock, M. (2019). Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. Pew Research Centre, 17, 7.

Fedosejeva, J., Boče, A., Romanova, M., Iliško, D., & Ivanova, O. (2018). Education for Sustainable Development: The Choice of Pedagogical Approaches and Methods for the Implementation of Pedagogical Tasks in the Anthropocene Age. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 20(1), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2018-0010

https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2018-0010

Ferguson, R. S., & Lovell, S. T. (2015). Grassroots engagement with transition to sustainability: Diversity and modes of participation in the international permaculture movement. Ecology and Society, 20(4). http://www.jstor.org/stable/26270300

https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08048-200439

Fila, S. A., & Smith, C. (2006). Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour to healthy eating behaviours in urban Native American youth. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-11

https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-11

Fry, R., & Parker, K. (2018). 'Post-Millennial' Generation On Track To Be Most Diverse, Best-Educated | Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/11/15/early- benchmarks-show-post-millennials-on-track-to-be-most-diverse-best-educated-generation-yet/

Goh, E., & Jie, F. (2019). To waste or not to waste: Exploring motivational factors of Generation Z hospitality employees towards food wastage in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 80, 126-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.02.005

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.02.005

Gray, S. G., Raimi, K. T., Wilson, R., & Árvai, J. (2019). Will Millennials save the world? The effect of age and generational differences on environmental concern. Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.071

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.071

Guion, L., Diehl, D., & McDonald, D. (2011). Conducting an In-depth Interview. EDIS, 2011. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fy393-2011

https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fy393-2011

Heikal Ismail, M., Ghazi, T. I. Mohd., Hamzah, M. H., Manaf, L. A., Tahir, R. M., Mohd Nasir, A., & Ehsan Omar, A. (2020). Impact of Movement Control Order (MCO) due to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on Food Waste Generation: A Case Study in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Sustainability, 12(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218848

https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218848

Hivner, E. A., Hoke, A. M., Francis, E. B., Lehman, E. B., Hwang, G. W., & Kraschnewski, J. L. (2019). Training teachers to implement physical activity: Applying social cognitive theory. Health Education Journal, 78(4), 464-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896918820558

https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896918820558

Ip-Soo-Ching, J. M., & Veerapa, N. K. (2015). Permaculture: Insights in to kitchen gardens of environmental and eco-tourism operator in Thailand. Acta Horticulturae, 1088, 633-636. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1088.118

https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1088.118

Jarjusey, F., & Chamhuri, N. (2018). Consumers' Awareness and Knowledge about Food Waste in Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 2(2), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.24088/IJBEA-2017-22002

https://doi.org/10.24088/IJBEA-2017-22002

Jereme, I., Siwar, C., Begum, R. A., & Talib, B. A. (2016). Addressing the problems of food waste generation in Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 3(8), 68‐77.

https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2016.08.012

Keng, Z. X., Chong, S., Ng, C. G., Ridzuan, N. I., Hanson, S., Pan, G.-T., Lau, P. L., Supramaniam, C. V., Singh, A., Chin, C. F., & Lam, H. L. (2020). Community-scale composting for food waste: A life-cycle assessment-supported case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 121220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121220

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121220

Kibler, K. M., Reinhart, D., Hawkins, C., Motlagh, A. M., & Wright, J. (2018). Food waste and the food-energy-water nexus: A review of food waste management alternatives. Waste Management, 74, 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.014

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.014

Kling, W. (1943). Food Waste in Distribution and Use. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 25(4), 848-859. https://doi.org/10.2307/1231591

https://doi.org/10.2307/1231591

Kortesluoma, R., Hentinen, M., & Nikkonen, M. (2003). Conducting a qualitative child interview: Methodological considerations. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(5), 434-441. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02643.x

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02643.x

Kwan, M. Y. W., Cairney, J., Hay, J. A., & Faught, B. E. (2013). Understanding physical activity and motivations for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: An investigation using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 3691-3698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.020 Lemaire, A., & Limbourg, S. (2019). How can food loss and waste management achieve sustainable development goals? Journal of Cleaner Production, 234, 1221-1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.226

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.226

Lien, N., Lytle, L. A., & Komro, K. A. (2002). Applying Theory of Planned Behaviour to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption of Young Adolescents. American Journal of Health Promotion, 16(4), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-16.4.189

https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-16.4.189

Linke, S. E., Robinson, C. J., & Pekmezi, D. (2013). Applying Psychological Theories to Promote Healthy Lifestyles. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(1), 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613487496

https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613487496

Liu, J., Wu, J. S., & Che, T. (2019). Understanding perceived environment quality in affecting tourists' environmentally responsible behaviours: A broken windows theory perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.007

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.007

Malaysia among Most Urbanized Countries in East Asia. (2015). [Text/HTML]. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/01/26/malaysia-among-most-urbanized-countries-in-east-asia

Monteiro, N. B. R., da Silva, E. A., & Moita Neto, J. M. (2019). Sustainable development goals in mining. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 509-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.332 0959-6526

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.332

Montiel, I., Delgado-Ceballos, J., Ortiz-de-Mandojana, N., & Antolin-Lopez, R. (2020). New Ways of Teaching: Using Technology and Mobile Apps to Educate on Societal Grand Challenges. Journal of Business Ethics, 161(2), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04184-x

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04184-x

National Solid Waste Management Department (2016). Food waste management development plan for industry, commercial and institution sector. http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/

Ong, S.-Q., Lee, B.-B., Tan, G.-P., & Maniam, S. (2019). Food Waste Pattern in Tertiary Education Institution in Penang: Quantitative Comparison of Food Waste Composition Between Semester Break and Start. Pertanika, 27(1), 379-389.

Papargyropoulou, E., Steinberger, J. K., Wright, N., Lozano, R., Padfield, R., & Ujang, Z. (2019). Patterns and Causes of Food Waste in the Hospitality and Food Service Sector: Food Waste Prevention Insights from Malaysia. Sustainability, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216016

https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216016

Parfit, J., Barthel, M., & Macnaughton, S. (2010). Food waste within food supply chains: Quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 365, 3065-3081. https://doi.org/doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0126

https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0126

Pearson, P., McBride, M., & Prezkop, L. (2018). No food left behind. Part 1: Underutilized produce ripe for alternative markets (pp. 1-23). WWF.

Phillips, D. C., & Orton, R. (1983). The new causal principle of cognitive learning theory: Perspectives on Bandura's "reciprocal determinism." Psychological Review, 90(2), 158-165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.90.2.158

https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.90.2.158

Phipps, M., Ozanne, L. K., Luchs, M. G., Subrahmanyan, S., Kapitan, S., Catlin, J. R., Gau, R., Naylor, R. W., Rose, R. L., Simpson, B., & Weaver, T. (2013). Understanding the inherent complexity of sustainable consumption: A social cognitive framework. Recent Advances in Globalization, Culture and Marketing Strategy, 66(8), 1227-1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.016

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.016

Rezai, G., Shamsudin, M. N., & Mohamed, Z. (2016). Urban Agriculture: A Way Forward to Food and Nutrition Security in Malaysia. Urban Planning and Architectural Design for Sustainable Development (UPADSD), 216, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.006

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.006

Rosa, W. (Ed.). (2017). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In A New Era in Global Health. Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826190123.ap02

https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826190123.ap02

Salvia, A. L., Filho, W. L., Brandli, L. L., & Griebeler, J. S. (2019). Assessing research trends related to Sustainable Development Goals: Local and global issues. Journal of Cleaner Production, 208, 841-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.242

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.242

Schinke, R. J., Bonhomme, J., McGannon, K. R., & Cummings, J. (2012). The internal adaptation processes of professional boxers during the Showtime Super Six Boxing Classic: A qualitative thematic analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 830- 839. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.006

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.006

Senarai Sekolah Rendah KPM. (2019). https://www.moe.gov.my/muat-turun/laporan-dan-statistik/senarai-sekolah

Sharif, N. A. M. (2018, December 18). "Amount of food wasted by Malaysians enough to feed 12 million people a day." NST. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/441882/amount-food-wasted-malaysians-enough-feed-12-million-people-day

Shearer, L., Gatersleben, B., Morse, S., Smyth, M., & Hunt, S. (2017). A problem unstuck? Evaluating the effectiveness of sticker prompts for encouraging household food waste recycling behaviour. Special Thematic Issue: Urban Mining and Circular Economy, 60, 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.036

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.036

Siow, M. L., Ramachandran, S., Shuib, A., Nair, V., & Mohammad Afandi, S. H. (2013). Scoping the Potentials and Pitfalls of Rural Tourism Policies: Constructivism as a Theoretical Lens. Pertanika, 36(S), 157-172.

Solomon, M. R. (2007). Consumer Behaviour: Buying, having and being (5th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.

Sulaiman, N., Shariff, Z. M., Jalil, R. A., Taib, M. N. M., Kandiah, M., & Samah, A. A. (2011). Validation of the Malaysian Coping Strategy Instrument to Measure Household Food Insecurity in Kelantan, Malaysia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 354-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200407

https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200407

Sustainable Development Goals. (2018). Goal 2: Zero Hunger. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg2

Swaffield, J., Evans, D., & Welch, D. (2018). Profit, reputation and 'doing the right thing': Convention theory and the problem of food waste in the UK retail sector. Geoforum, 89, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.01.002

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.01.002

Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Decomposition and crossover effects in the theory of planned behaviour: A study of consumer adoption intentions. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(2), 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(94)00019-K

https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(94)00019-K

Thyberg, K. L., & Tonjes, D. J. (2016). Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 106, 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.016

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.11.016

United Nations Official Document-General Assembly. (2015). United Nations. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World population projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100. (2017). https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-2017.html

Vogliano, C., Murray, L., Coad, J., Wham, C., Maelaua, J., Kafa, R., & Burlingame, B. (2021). Progress towards SDG 2: Zero hunger in melanesia - A state of data scoping review. Global Food Security, 29, 100519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100519

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100519

Whitefield, P. (2000). Permaculture in a Nutshell. Permanent Publications.

Yamane, T., & Kaneko, S. (2021). Is the Younger Generation a Driving Force Toward Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals? Survey Experiments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 125932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125932

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125932

Zezza, A., & Tasciotti, L. (2010). Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security: Empirical evidence from a sample of developing countries. Food Policy, 35(4), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.04.007

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.04.007

Downloads

Published

2023-12-26

How to Cite

Siow May Ling, Sridar Ramachandran, Osman Mohd. Tahir, & Ahmad Shuib. (2023). SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2: EXPLORING BANDURA’S TRIADIC MODEL FOR BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE AMONG URBAN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. International Journal of Business and Society, 24(3), 1030–1045. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.6399.2023