WILL BRANDING ENGAGE PERPETUAL BONDING IN HEALTHCARE?

  • Malathi Nair Narayana Nair Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
  • Fauziah Sh. Ahmad Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, University of Business and Technology. Saudi Arabia
Keywords: Brand trust, customer brand engagement, brand equity, service quality critical incidence, healthcare industry

Abstract

A brand is the promise of value and is imperative in all aspects of the industry. Retaining existing customers and attracting new customers has always been the challenge faced by service-based industries, which include private healthcare, primarily in hospitals. As a niche sector, private hospitals' tasks address demanding customer expectations. Based on the past reviews of the literature, this study proposes a few aspects to be investigated in the context of private hospitals in Malaysia. Data was collected and distributed using an online survey. The model was validated using Smart PLS (version 3.3.2) software and SPSS for data analysis. The sampling technique used was non-probability. The analysis revealed that brand trust significantly correlates with customer brand engagement which subsequently influences brand equity in private hospitals and is moderated by service quality for critical incidence. These findings give insight to policymakers, the healthcare industry, mainly private hospitals and academic fields to discover the influences to contemplate in this sector and remain competitive strategically.

References

Abu-Nahel, Z. O., Alagha, W. H., Al Shobaki, M. J., Abu-Naser, S. S., & El Talla, S. A. (2020). Proactive flexibility and its impact on improving the quality of services in hospitals. International Journal of Academic Information Systems Research (IJAISR), 4(9),19-44.

Ackovska, A., Grozdanova, A., Sterjev, Z., Ribarska, J. T., & Netkovska, K. A. (2020). The role of branding in the healthcare system with special review to healthcare institutions. Knowledge International Journal, 41(3), 489-494.

Agyei, J., Sun, S., Abrokwah, E., Penney, E. K., & Ofori-Boafo, R. (2020). Influence of trust on customer engagement: Empirical evidence from the insurance Industry in Ghana. SAGE Open, 10(1), 1-18.

https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899104

Ahluwalia, J., & Marriott, L. (2005). Critical incident reporting systems. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 10(1), 31-37.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2004.09.012

Ahmed, S., Manaf, N. H., & Islam, R. (2013). Effects of Lean Six Sigma application in healthcare services: A literature review. Reviews on Environmental Health, 28(4), 189-194.

https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2013-0015

Alfes, K., Shantz, A., & Alahakone, R. (2016). Testing additive versus interactive effects of person-organization fit and organizational trust on engagement and performance. Personnel Review, 45(6), 1323-1339.

https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-02-2015-0029

Altaf, M., Tabassum, N., & Mokhtar, S. S. M. (2018). Brand equity and the role of emergency medical care service quality of private cardiac institutes. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 12 (1), 44-60.

https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPHM-09-2016-0046

Baharun, R., Mi, T. J., Streimikiene, D., Mardani, A., Shakeel, J., & Nitsenko, V. S. (2019). Innovation in healthcare performance among private brand's healthcare services in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Acta Polytechnica Hungarica,16(5), 151-172.

https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.16.5.2019.5.9

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173

Becerra, E. P., & Korgaonkar, P. K. (2011). Effects of trust beliefs on consumers' online intentions. European Journal of Marketing, 5(6), 936-962.

https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561111119921

Bedir, S. (2016). Healthcare expenditure and economic growth in developing countries. Advances in Economics and Business, 4(2), 76-86.

https://doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2016.040202

Berry, L. L. (2000). Cultivating service brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 128-137.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300281012

Beukeboom, C. J., Kerkhof, P., & de Vries, M. (2015). Does a virtual like cause actual liking? How following a brand's Facebook updates enhances brand evaluations and purchase intention. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 32, 26-36.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2015.09.003

Bradach, J. L., & Eccles, R. G. (1989). Price, authority, and trust: From ideal types to plural forms. Annual Review of Sociology, 15(1), 97-118.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000525

Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Jurić, B., & Ilić, A. (2011). Customer engagement: Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3), 252-271.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670511411703

Bruneau, V., Swaen, V., & Zidda, P. (2018). Are loyalty program members really engaged? Measuring customer engagement with loyalty programs. Journal of Business Research, 91, 144-158.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.06.002

Chahal, H., & Bala, M. (2012). Significant components of service brand equity in healthcare sector. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 25(4), 343-362.

https://doi.org/10.1108/09526861211221518

Chahal, H., & Rani, A. (2017). How trust moderate's social media engagement and brand equity. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 11(3),312-335.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-10-2016-0104

Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 81-93.

https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.2.81.18255

Chaudhury, N., Hammer, J., Kremer, M., Muralidharan, K., & Rogers, F. H. (2006). Missing in action: Teacher and health worker absence in developing countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 91-116.

https://doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526058

Chiu, C. M., Chang, C. C., Cheng, H. L., & Fang, Y. H. (2009). Determinants of customer repurchase intention in online shopping. Online Information Review, 33(4), 761-784.

https://doi.org/10.1108/14684520910985710

Delgado‐Ballester, E., & Munuera‐Alemán, J. L. (2001). Brand trust in the context of consumer loyalty. European Journal of marketing, European Journal of marketing, 35(11/12), 1238-1258.

https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006475

Delgado-Ballester, E., Munuera-Alemán, J.L., & Yagüe-Guillén, M.J. (2003). Development and validation of a brand trust scale. International Journal of Market Research, 45(1), 35-53.

https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530304500103

Dessart, L., Veloutsou, C., & Morgan-Thomas, A. (2015). Consumer engagement in online brand communities: a social media perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 24 (1), 28-42.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-06-2014-0635

Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. University of Akron Press.

Fong, C. H., & Goh, Y. N. (2021). Why brand equity is so important for private healthcare? View from an emerging market. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(4), 1198-1205.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2020.1755811

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.

https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Fornell, C., Cha, J., & Bagozzi, R. P. (1994). Advanced methods of marketing research. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Business. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331-362.

Gabbott, M., & Hogg, G. (1996). The glory of stories: Using critical incidents to understand service evaluation in the primary healthcare context. Journal of Marketing Management, 12(6), 493-503.

https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.1996.9964431

Geisser, S. (1975). The predictive sample reuse method with applications. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70(350), 320-328.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1975.10479865

Ghodeswar, B. M. (2008). Building brand identity in competitive markets: A conceptual model. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 17(1), 4-12.

https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420810856468

Girard, T., Trapp, P., Pinar, M., Gulsoy, T., & Boyt, T. E. (2017). Consumer-based brand equity of a private-label brand: Measuring and examining determinants. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 25(1), 39-56.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2016.1236662

Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185-214.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669

Gurses, A. P., & Carayon, P. (2007). Performance obstacles of intensive care nurses. Nursing Research, 56(3), 185-194.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNR.0000270028.75112.00

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. Y. A., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. A Global Perspective, 14(3), 274-286.

Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage Publication, Los Angeles.

Håvold, O. K. S., Håvold, J. I., & Glavee-Geo, R. (2020). Trust in leaders, work satisfaction and work engagement in public hospitals. International Journal of Public Leadership, 17(2), 145-159.

https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-07-2020-0061

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Ho, F. N., & Huang, C. W. (2020). The interdependencies of marketing capabilities and operations efficiency in hospitals. Journal of Business Research, 113, 337-347.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.037

Ho, M. H. W., & Chung, H. F. (2020). Customer engagement, customer equity and repurchase intention in mobile apps. Journal of Business Research, 121, 13-21.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.046

Hollebeek, L. D. (2011). Demystifying customer brand engagement: Exploring the loyalty nexus. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(7-8), 785-807.

https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2010.500132

Hollebeek, L. D., Glynn, M. S., & Brodie, R. J. (2014). Consumer brand engagement in social media: Conceptualization, scale development and validation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 28(2), 149-165.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.12.002

Huang, Z. J., & Cai, L. A. (2015). Modeling consumer-based brand equity for multinational hotel brands-When hosts become guests. Tourism Management, 46, 431-443.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.013

Kandampully, J. (1998). Service quality to service loyalty: A relationship which goes beyond customer services. Total Quality Management, 9(6), 431-443.

https://doi.org/10.1080/0954412988370

Keeling, D. I., Laing, A., & De Ruyter, K. (2018). Evolving roles and structures of triadic engagement in healthcare. Journal of Service Management, 29(3), 352-377.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-09-2016-0249

Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of marketing, 57(1), 1-22.

https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299305700101

Keller, K. L. (2009). Building strong brands in a modern marketing communications environment. Journal of marketing communications, 15(2-3), 139-155.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13527260902757530

Kemp, E., Jillapalli, R., & Becerra, E. (2014). Healthcare branding: developing emotionally based consumer brand relationships. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(2), 126-137.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-08-2012-0157

Kenny, D. A., & Judd, C. M. (2014). Power anomalies in testing mediation. Psychological Science, 25(2), 334-339.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613502676

Kim, K. H., Kim, K. S., Kim, D. Y., Kim, J. H., & Kang, S. H. (2008). Brand equity in hospital marketing. Journal of Business Research, 1(61), 75-82.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.05.010

Krot, K., & Lewicka, D. (2012). The Importance of Trust in Manager-Employee Relationships. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 10(3), 224-233.

Kumar, N., Scheer, L. K., & Steenkamp, J. B. E. (1995). The effects of supplier fairness on vulnerable resellers. Journal of Marketing Research, 32(1), 54-65.

https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379503200107

Kumar, R. S., Dash, S., & Malhotra, N. K. (2018). The impact of marketing activities on service brand equity: The mediating role of evoked experience. European Journal of Marketing, 52(3/4), 596-618.

https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-05-2016-0262

Kumar, R.S., Dash, S. and Purwar, P.C. (2013). The nature and antecedents of brand equity and its dimensions. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 31(2), 141-159.

https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501311312044

Kuvykaite, R., & Piligrimiene, Z. (2014). Consumer engagement into brand equity creation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 479-483.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.225

Kuvykaitė, R., & Tarutė, A. (2015). A critical analysis of consumer engagement dimensionality. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 213, 654-658.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.468

Lee, Y., In, J., & Lee, S. J. (2020). Social media engagement, service complexity, and experiential quality in US hospitals. Journal of Services Marketing, 34(6), 833-845.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-09-2019-0359

Li, S., & Wei, M. (2021). Hotel servicescape and customer citizenship behaviors: mediating role of customer engagement and moderating role of gender. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 587-603.

https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2020-0656

Luo, X. (2002). Trust production and privacy concerns on the Internet: A framework based on relationship marketing and social exchange theory. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(2), 111-118.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(01)00182-1

MacDonald, A. (2013). Researching with young children: Considering issues of ethics and engagement. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 14(3), 255-269.

https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2013.14.3.255

Machado, J. C., Vacas-de-Carvalho, L., Azar, S. L., André, A. R., & dos Santos, B. P. (2019). Brand gender and consumer-based brand equity on Facebook: The mediating role of consumer-brand engagement and brand love. Journal of Business Research, 96, 376-385.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.016

Martínez, P., & Nishiyama, N. (2019). Enhancing customer-based brand equity through CSR in the hospitality sector. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 20(3), 329-353.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2017.1397581

McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. (1992). Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35(3), 626-637.

https://doi.org/10.2307/256489

Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. the MIT Press.

Mitchell, J. T., & Everly, G. S. (1995). Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) and the prevention of work-related traumatic stress among high-risk occupational groups. In Psychotraumatology: Key papers and core concepts in post-traumatic stress. (pp. 267-280). Springer, Boston, MA.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1034-9_16

Mohammad, J., Quoquab, F., Idris, F., Al Jabari, M., & Wishah, R. (2019). The mediating role of overall fairness perception: a structural equation modelling assessment. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 41(3), 614-636.

https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-10-2017-0243

Mohammad, J., Quoquab, F., Makhbul, Z. M., & Ramayah, T. (2016). Bridging the gap between justice and citizenship behavior in Asian culture. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 23(4), 633-656.

https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-08-2015-0097

Molinillo, S., Japutra, A., Nguyen, B., & Chen, C. H. S. (2017). Responsible brands vs active brands? An examination of brand personality on brand awareness, brand trust, and brand loyalty. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(2), 166-179.

https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-04-2016-0064

Nah, S. H., & Osifo-Dawodu, E. (2007). Establishing private health care facilities in developing countries: A guide for medical entrepreneurs. The World Bank.

https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6947-0

Namazi, M., & Namazi, N. R. (2016). Conceptual analysis of moderator and mediator variables in business research. Procedia Economics and Finance, 36, 540-554.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30064-8

Naylor, R. W., Lamberton, C. P., & West, P. M. (2012). Beyond the "like" button: The impact of mere virtual presence on brand evaluations and purchase intentions in social media settings. Journal of Marketing, 76(6), 105-120.

https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.11.0105

Nguyen, H. T., Zhang, Y., & Calantone, R. J. (2018). Brand portfolio coherence: Scale development and empirical demonstration. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 35(1), 60-80.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2017.11.003

Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2012). Power, trust, social exchange and community support. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 997-1023.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.017

Othman, R., Musa, R., Muda, M., & Mohamed, R. N. (2016). Conceptualization of immersive brand experience (IBX) measurement scale of emotion. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 208-213.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30115-0

Park, M., & Lennon, S. J. (2009). Brand name and promotion in online shopping contexts. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,13(2), 149-160.

https://doi.org/10.1108/13612020910957680

Paulssen, M., & Sommerfeld, A. (2015). The impact of critical incidents on customer relationships. Business Administration Review, 75(5), 291-308.

Perry, R. W., & Mankin, L. D. (2004). Understanding employee trust in management: Conceptual clarification and correlates. Public Personnel Management, 33(3), 277-290.

https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600403300303

Phan, Q. P. T., & Pilík, M. (2018). The relationship between website design and positive ewom intention: Testing mediator and moderator effect. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 19(2), 382-398.

https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.18.5690

Piaralal, S., & Tan M, M, (2015). Determinants of brand equity in private healthcare facilities in Klang Valley, Malaysia. American Journal of Economics, 5(2),177-182.

Preacher, K.J. and Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models, Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.

https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Ramly, S. M., & Omar, N. A. (2016). The relative contribution of loyalty programs and storeattributes to store engagement and equity. Journal of Administrative and Business Studies, 1(1), 42-52.

https://doi.org/10.20474/jabs-1.1.7

Rasiah, R., Abdullah, N. R. W., & Tumin, M. (2017). Markets and healthcare services in Malaysia: Critical issues. International Journal of Institutions and Economies, 3(3),467-486.

Rather, R. A., Tehseen, S., & Parrey, S. H. (2018). Promoting customer brand engagement and brand loyalty through customer brand identification and value congruity. Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC, 22(3), 319-337.

https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-06-2018-0030

Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M. & Straub, D.W. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS quarterly, MIS Quarterly, 36(1), iii-xiv.

https://doi.org/10.2307/41410402

Roos, I. (2002). Methods of investigating critical incidents: A comparative review. Journal of Service Research, 4(3), 193-204.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670502004003003

Rothschild, J. M., Landrigan, C. P., Cronin, J. W., Kaushal, R., Lockley, S. W., Burdick, E., ... & Bates, D. W. (2005). The critical care safety study: The incidence and nature of adverse events and serious medical errors in intensive care. Read Online: Critical Care Medicine| Society of Critical Care Medicine, 33(8), 1694-1700.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000171609.91035.BD

Rusbult, C. E., Verette, J., Whitney, G. A., Slovik, L. F., & Lipkus, I. (1991). Accommodation processes in close relationships: Theory and preliminary empirical evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(1), 53.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.53

Samala, N., & Katkam, B. S. (2019). Fashion brands are engaging the millennials: a moderated-mediation model of customer-brand engagement, participation, and involvement. Young Consumers, 21(2), 233-253.

https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-12-2018-0902

Sharp, J. (2011). Brand awareness and engagement: A case study in healthcare social media. Frontiers of health services management, 28(2), 29-33.

https://doi.org/10.1097/01974520-201110000-00005

Sheth, J. N., & Parvatiyar, A. (1995). The evolution of relationship marketing. International business review, 4(4), 397-418.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0969-5931(95)00018-6

Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 36(2), 111-133.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x

Swarnalatha, C., & Prasanna, T. S. (2013). Employee engagement: The concept. International Journal of Management Research and Reviews, 3(12), 3872.

Tan, C. C. (2020). Brand management through stimulus-organism-response (SOR) integrative efforts. Nimit Mai Review Journal, 3(1), 8-16.

Thomas, S., Beh, L., & Nordin, R. B. (2011). Health care delivery in Malaysia: Changes, challenges and champions. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 2(2), 95-97.

https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2011.e23

Ting, H., De Run, E. C., Cheah, J. H., & Chuah, F. (2016). Food neophobia and ethnic food consumption intention. British Food Journal,118(11),2781-2797.

https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-12-2015-0492

Tontini, G., Vaz, E., Neto, E. V., de Souza, J. C. L., da Silva, L. A., & Nowazick, M. P. M. (2019). Exploring the nonlinear impact of critical incidents on users' satisfaction with healthcare services. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 32(3), 621-634

https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-04-2018-0089

Tsai, W. H. S., & Men, L. R. (2013). Motivations and antecedents of consumer engagement with brand pages on social networking sites. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 13(2), 76-87.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2013.826549

Tuzkaya, G., Sennaroglu, B., Kalender, Z. T., & Mutlu, M. (2019). Hospital service quality evaluation with IVIF-PROMETHEE and a case study. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 68, 100705.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2019.04.002

Urbach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2010). Structural equation modeling in information systems research using partial least squares. Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application, 11(2), 5-40.

Van Doorn, J., Lemon, K. N., Mittal, V., Nass, S., Pick, D., Pirner, P., & Verhoef, P. C. (2010). Customer engagement behavior: Theoretical foundations and research directions. Journal of Service Research, 13(3), 253-266.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510375599

Voorhees, C. M., Brady, M. K., & Horowitz, D. M. (2006). A voice from the silent masses: an exploratory and comparative analysis of noncomplainers. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(4), 514-527.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070306288762

Wang, D. S., & Hsieh, C. C. (2013). The effect of authentic leadership on employee trust and employee engagement. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(4), 613-624.

https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.4.613

Wheeler, S. (2013). Planning for sustainability: Creating livable, equitable and ecological communities. Routledge.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203134559

Wisker, Z. L., & Kwiatek, P. (2018). The effects of environmental orientation on firm performance and a mediating role of employee-based brand equity: A comparative study. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management, 3(2), 19-36.

https://doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v3i2.157

Xi, N., & Hamari, J. (2020). Does gamification affect brand engagement and equity? A study in online brand communities. Journal of Business Research, 109, 449-460.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.058

Yen, C. H., Teng, H. Y., & Tzeng, J. C. (2020). Innovativeness and customer value co-creation behaviors: Mediating role of customer engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102514.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102514

Ying, K. S., Jusoh, A., & Khalifah, Z. (2012). Service quality as moderator in the relationship between experience and value. Contemporary Management Research, 8(3),185-194.

https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.11152

Zheng, S., Hui, S. F., & Yang, Z. (2017). Hospital trust or doctor trust? A fuzzy analysis of trust in the health care setting. Journal of Business Research, 78, 217-225.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.12.017

Published
2023-04-07
How to Cite
Malathi Nair Narayana Nair, & Fauziah Sh. Ahmad. (2023). WILL BRANDING ENGAGE PERPETUAL BONDING IN HEALTHCARE?. International Journal of Business and Society, 24(1), 343-361. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.5620.2023