Understanding the Gold-Inflation Nexusi In Malaysia: Hedge and Safe Haven Perspectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.4613.2022Keywords:
Gold, Inflation, Hedge, Safe Haven, Quantile, Rolling RegressionAbstract
The main objective of this study is to examine the roles of gold as a hedge or a safe haven against inflation in Malaysia. We propose the standard and quantile techniques in the volatility models, with a time-varying conditional variance of regression residuals based on TGARCH specifications. We found that gold only plays a minor role as a hedge and safe haven against inflation since their returns do not evolve at the same pace as inflation. On the other hand, the rolling regression results reveal that shelter incidents against purchasing power loss only occasionally occur at different times and not consistently across holding periods. We conclude that gold does not have the ability to secure Malaysian investment during high inflationary periods and at all times. Thus, Malaysian investors should hold a well-diversified portfolio to earn sustainable returns and protection from purchasing power loss.
References
Adrangi, B., Chatrath, A., & Raffiee, K. (2003). Economic activity, inflation, and hedging: The case of gold and silver investments. The Journal of Wealth Management, 6(2), 60-77. https://doi.org/10.3905/jwm.2003.320482
Arnold, S., & Auer, B. R. (2015). What do scientists know about inflation hedging? The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 34, 187-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2015.08.005
Artigas, J. C. (2010). Linking global money supply to gold and to future inflation. World Gold Council, Gold: Report. https://www.gold.org/download/file/8458/linking_global_money_supply_to_gold_010210_pr.pdf
Baillie, R. T. (1989). Commodity prices and aggregate inflation: Would a commodity price rule be worthwhile? Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 31(1), 185-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(89)90011-0
Bampinas, G., & Panagiotidis, T. (2015). Are gold and silver a hedge against inflation? A two century perspective. International Review of Financial Analysis, 41(C), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2015.02.007
Baur, D. G., & Smales, L. A. (2018). Gold and geopolitical risk. SSRN E-journal 3109136. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3109136
Broock, W. A., Scheinkman, J. A., Dechert, W. D., & LeBaron, B. (1996). A test for independence based on the correlation dimension. Econometric Reviews, 15(3), 197-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474939608800353
Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory econometrics for finance (2 ed.). United States of America: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841644
Caporale, G. M., Ntantamis, C., Pantelidis, T., & Pittis, N. (2005). The BDS test as a test for the adequacy of a GARCH (1,1) specification: A Monte Carlo study. Journal of Financial Econometrics, 3(2), 282-309. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjfinec/nbi010
Chen, J. (2020). Can gold hedge stock market and inflation simultaneously? International Journal of Economics and Finance, 12(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n4p1
Cheng, M. Y., & Tan, H. B. (2002). Inflation in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Economics, 29(5), 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290210423532
Ciner, C., Gurdgiev, C., & Lucey, B. M. (2013). Hedges and safe havens: An examination of stocks, bonds, gold, oil and exchange rates. International Review of Financial Analysis, 29(C), 202-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2012.12.001
Fama, E. F., & Schwert, G. W. (1977). Asset returns and inflation. Journal of Financial Economics, 5(2), 115-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(77)90014-9
Ghazali, M. F., & Lean, H. H. (2015). Asymmetric volatility of local gold prices in Malaysia. In V. -N. Huynh, V. Kreinovich, S. Sriboonchitta, & K. Suriya (Eds.), Econometrics of Risk, Studies in Computational Intelligence (pp. 203-218). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13449-9_14
Ghazali, M. F., Lean, H. H., & Bahari, Z. (2013). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An empirical evidence of gold and stocks in Malaysia. International Journal of Business & Society, 14(3), 428-443.
Ghazali, M. F., Lean, H. H., & Bahari, Z. (2015a). Is gold a good hedge against inflation? Empirical evidence in Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 31(Supp. 1), 69-84.
Ghazali, M. F., Lean, H. H., & Bahari, Z. (2015b). Sharia compliant gold investment in Malaysia: Hedge or safe haven? Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 34, 192-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2014.12.005
Ghazali, M. F., Lean, H. H., & Bahari, Z. (2018). Gold investment in Malaysia: Refuge from stock market turmoil or inflation-protector? The Journal of Social Sciences Research, Special Issue (2), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi2.214.224
Ghazali, M. F., Lean, H. H., & Bahari, Z. (2020). Does gold investment offer protection against stock market losses? Evidence from five countries. The Singapore Economic Review, 65(02), 275-301. https://doi.org/10.1142/S021759081950036X
Gürgün, G., & Ünalmış, İ. (2014). Is gold a safe haven against equity market investment in emerging and developing countries? Finance Research Letters, 11(4), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2014.07.003
Hillier, D., Draper P., & Faff, R. (2006). Do precious metals shine? An investment perspective. Financial Analysts Journal, 62(2), 98-106. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v62.n2.4085
Hoang, T. H. V. (2012, June). Has gold been a good hedge against inflation in France from 1949 to 2011? Empirical evidence of the French specificity. In 29th International Conference of the French Finance Association (AFFI). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2080085
Hoang, T. H. V, Lahiani, A., & Heller, D. (2016). Is gold a hedge against inflation? New evidence from a nonlinear ARDL approach. Economic Modelling, 54, 54-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.12.013
Ibrahim, M. H., & Baharom, A. H. (2011). The role of gold in financial investment: A Malaysian perspective. Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research, 45(4), 227-238.
Iqbal, J. (2017). Does gold hedge stock market, inflation and exchange rate risks? An econometric investigation. International Review of Economics & Finance, 48, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2016.11.005
Jaffe, J. F. (1989). Gold and gold stocks as investments for institutional portfolios. Financial Analysts Journal, 45(2), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v45.n2.53
Jastram, R. W., & Leyland, J. (2009). The golden constant: The English and American experience 1560-2007. London, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Karim, Z. A., Said, F. F. M., Jusoh, M., & Thahir, M. Z. M. (2010). Monetary policy and inflation targeting in a small open-economy. Journal of International Economic Review, 3(2), 125-137.
Khair-Afham, M. S. M., Law, S. H., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2017). Is gold investment a safe haven or a hedge for the Malaysian inflation? International Journal of Business & Society, 18(1), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.489.2017
Kilian, L., & Manganelli, S. (2008). The central banker as a risk manager: Estimating the Federal Reserve's preferences under Greenspan. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 40(6), 1103-1129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00150.x
Koutsoyiannis, A. (1983). A short-run pricing model for a speculative asset, tested with data from the gold bullion market. Applied Economics, 15(5), 563-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036848300000037
Laurent, R. D. (1994). Is there a role for gold in monetary policy? Economic Perspectives, 18(2), 2-14.
Levin, E. J., & Wright, R. E. (2006). Short-run and long-run determinants of the price of gold. Working Paper: World Gold Council.
Lipschitz, L., & Otani, I. (1977). A simple model of the private gold market, 1968-74: An exploratory econometric exercise. Staff Papers, 24(1), 36-63. https://doi.org/10.2307/3866535
McCown, J. R. & Zimmerman, J. R. (2006). Is gold a zero-beta asset? Analysis of the investment potential of precious metals, available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=920496. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920496
Michaud, R. O., Michaud, R., & Pulvermacher, K. (2006). Gold as a strategic asset. London: World Gold Council.
Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S., & Zheng, X. (2010). Gold and oil futures markets: Are markets efficient. Applied Energy, 87(10), 3299-3303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.020
Salisu, A. A., Raheem, I. D., & Ndako, U. B. (2020). The inflation hedging properties of gold, stocks and real estate: A comparative analysis. Resources Policy, 66, 101605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101605
Singh, N. P., & Joshi, N. (2019). Investigating gold investment as an inflationary hedge. Business Perspectives and Research, 7(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533718800178
Taylor, N. J. (1998). Precious metals and inflation. Applied Financial Economics, 8(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/096031098333186
Wang, K. M., Lee, Y. M., & Thi, T. B. N. (2011). Time and place where gold acts as an inflation hedge: An application of long-run and short-run threshold model. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 806-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.008
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.