Entrepreneurial Intention to Business Start-Up: Evidence from Asia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.4598.2022Keywords:
Intention, cognitive theory, entrepreneurship, GEM data, behaviourAbstract
The purpose of the study is to explore the relationships between perceptual variables and entrepreneurial intention among 13 Asian economies, and to depict the differences in the relationships among three types of Asian economies (factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven). Data were drawn from the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey (GEM APS) data set. Based on the cognitive theory, relevant research questions were developed, and the data were analysed through the logistic regression model. For the case of 13 Asian countries (full sample), except social status and respect, all perceptual variables are significantly related to entrepreneurial intention, and fear of fail found a negative and significant relationship. In sub-sample analysis, we have observed that regarding risk-taking, career choice, and social status, there are some significant differences among the three types of economies. The study contributes as the first attempt on Asian samples (full) from the GEM dataset and it is also the first attempt where three types of Asian economies were analysed.
References
Abu Bakar, A. R., Ahmad, S. Z., Wright, N. S., & Skoko, H. (2017). The propensity to business startup: Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(3), 263-285. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2016-0049
Achtenhagen, L. (2008). Understanding entrepreneurship in traditional media. Journal of Media Business Studies, 5(1), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2008.11073463
Acs, Z. J., & Amorós, J. E. (2008). Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America", Small Business Economics, 31(3), 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9133-y
Acs, Z. J., Desai, S., & Hessels, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9135-9
Ahmad, S. Z., Xavier, S. R., & Abu Bakar, A. R. (2014). Examining entrepreneurial intention through cognitive approach using Malaysia GEM data. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(3), 449-464 https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2013-0035
Ali, S., Lu, W., Cheng, C., and Chaoge, L. (2012). Media inattention for entrepreneurship in Pakistan, European Journal of Business and Management, 4(18), 96-100.
Allison, P. (2013), Why I don't trust the Hosmer-Lemeshow test for logistic regression. Statistical horizons. retrieved from https://statisticalhorizons.com/hosmer-lemeshow, dated- 8-1-2020
Arafat, M. Y., Saleem, I., Dwivedi, A. K., & Khan, A. (2020). Determinants of agricultural entrepreneurship: a GEM data based study. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(1), 345-370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0536-1
Arafat, M. Y., & Saleem, I. (2017). Examining start-up Intention of Indians through cognitive approach: a study using GEM data. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-017-0073-3
Arenius, P., & Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1984-x
Asante, E. A., & Affum-Osei, E. (2019). Entrepreneurship as a career choice: The impact of locus of control on aspiring entrepreneurs' opportunity recognition. Journal of Business Research, 98, 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.006
Austin, M. J., & Nauta, M. M. (2016). Entrepreneurial role-model exposure, self-efficacy, and women's entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Career Development, 43(3), 260-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845315597475
Bandura, A. (2010). Self-efficacy. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0836
Begley, T. M., & Tan, W. L. (2001). The socio-cultural environment for entrepreneurship: A comparison between East Asian and Anglo-Saxon countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3), 537-553. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490983
Belsley, D. A. (1980). On the efficient computation of the nonlinear full-information maximum-likelihood estimator. Journal of Econometrics, 14(2), 203-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(80)90091-3
Bergmann, H., Mueller, S., & Schrettle, T. (2014). The use of global entrepreneurship monitor data in academic research: A critical inventory and future potentials. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 6(3), 242-276. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2014.064691
Borozan, D., & Pfeifer, S. (2014). Exploring entrepreneurs' motivation: Comparison of Croatia, European post-socialist and developed countries. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(2), 263-287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355714535305
Bosma, N. S., & Levie, J. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2009 Executive Report. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Niels-Bosma/publication/48322611_Global_
Entrepreneurship_Monitor_2009_Executive_Report/links/004635318deb5b0ed7000000/Global-Entrepreneurship-Monitor-2009-Executive-Report.pdf
Bosma, N., & Schutjens, V. (2009). Mapping entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitudes in European regions. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 7(2), 191-213. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2009.022806
Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., Van Praag, M., & Verheul, I. (2012). Entrepreneurship and role models. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 410-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.004
Burton, M. D., Sørensen, J. B., & Dobrev, S. D. (2016). A careers perspective on entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(2), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12230
Cacciotti, G., Hayton, J. C., Mitchell, J. R., & Giazitzoglu, A. (2016). A reconceptualization of fear of failure in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(3), 302-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.02.002
Cacciotti, G., & Hayton, J. C. (2015). Fear and entrepreneurship: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(2), 165-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12052
Edelman, L., & Yli-Renko, H. (2010). The impact of environment and entrepreneurial perceptions on venture-creation efforts: Bridging the discovery and creation views of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(5), 833-856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00395.x
Erkut, B. (2016). Entrepreneurship and Economic Freedom: Do Objective and Subjective Data Reflect the Same Tendencies?. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 4(3), 11-26. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2016.040302
Fernández, J., Liñán, F., & Santos, F. J. (2009). Cognitive aspects of potential entrepreneurs in Southern and Northern Europe: An analysis using GEM-data. Revista de economía mundial, 23, 151-178.
Fernández-Pérez, V., Montes-Merino, A., Rodríguez-Ariza, L., & Galicia, P. E. A. (2019). Emotional competencies and cognitive antecedents in shaping student's entrepreneurial intention: the moderating role of entrepreneurship education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(1), 281-305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0438-7
Gasse, Y., & Tremblay, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial beliefs and intentions: a cross-cultural study of university students in seven countries. International Journal of Business, 16(4), 303-314.
GEM Report. (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report. https://www.gemconsortium.org/data/sets?id=aps
Hindle, K., & Klyver, K. (2007). Exploring the relationship between media coverage and participation in entrepreneurship: Initial global evidence and research implications. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 3(2), 217-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0018-8
Hyder, A., Azhar, A., Javaid, A., & Rehman, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions among business students in Pakistan. Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics, 5(2), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.15209/jbsge.v5i2.181
Kalden, J. N., Cunningham, J., & Anderson, A. R. (2017). The social status of entrepreneurs: Contrasting German perspectives. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 18(2), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750317706439
Khan, A. M., Arafat, M. Y., Raushan, M. A., Khan, M. S., Dwivedi, A. K., Khan, M. M., & Saleem, I. (2019). Role of intellectual capital in augmenting the start-up intentions of Indians-an analysis using GEM data. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0146-6
Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020
Laužikas, M., & Dailydaitė, S. (2015). Impacts of social capital on transformation from efficiency to innovation-driven business. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16(1), 37-51. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.754374
Laviolette, E. M., Radu Lefebvre, M., and Brunel, O. (2012). The impact of story bound entrepreneurial role models on self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 18(6), 720-742. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551211268148
Levie, J., Hart, M., & Karim, M. (2010). Impact of media on entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, UK.
Liñán, F., and Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: a role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0154-z
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Guzmán, J. (2011b). Temporal stability of entrepreneurial intentions: a longitudinal study. Entrepreneurship Research in Europe: Evolving Concepts and Processes, 34-55.
Liñán, F., Santos, F. J., and Fernández, J. (2011c). The influence of perceptions on potential entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(3), 373-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0199-7
Meoli, A., Fini, R., Sobrero, M., & Wiklund, J. (2020). How entrepreneurial intentions influence entrepreneurial career choices: The moderating influence of social context. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(3), 105982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105982
Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L. W., Bird, B., Marie Gaglio, C., McMullen, J. S., Morse, E. A., & Smith, J. B. (2007). The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research 2007. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00161.x
Mueller, S. L., & Conway Dato-on, M. (2013). A cross cultural study of gender-role orientation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0187-y
Nabi, G., Liñán, F., Davey, T., Plewa, C., & Struwig, M. (2011). Entrepreneurship perceptions and career intentions of international students. Education+ Training. 53 (5), 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147677
Noguera, M., Alvarez, C., & Urbano, D. (2013). Socio-cultural factors and female entrepreneurship", International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(2), 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-013-0251-x
Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M., & Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54 (3), 442-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002
Osman, M. A., & Ismail, E. A. A. (2007). A Quantitative Model to Identify Key Determinants for Health Insurance Claims in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J. King Saud Univ., Admin. Sci. 27(2), 23-34
Paul, P., Pennell, M. L., & Lemeshow, S. (2013). Standardizing the power of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test in large data sets. Statistics in Medicine, 32(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5525
Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Toney, B., Llopis, F., and Fox, J. (2009). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions of university students: a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 15(6), 571-594. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910995443
Ramos-Rodríguez, A. R., Medina-Garrido, J. A., & Ruiz-Navarro, J. (2012). Determinants of hotels and restaurants entrepreneurship: A study using GEM data. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 579-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.08.003
Renko, M., Shrader, R. C., and Simon, M. (2012). Perception of entrepreneurial opportunity: a general framework. Management Decision, 50(7),1233-1251. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211246987
Reynolds, P., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., De Bono, N., Servais, I., ... & Chin, N. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor: Data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 205-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1980-1
Shaikh, Y. Z. (2019). Start-up Initiatives: An Overview. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(1), 254-262
Shinnar, R. S., Hsu, D. K., & Powell, B. C. (2014). Self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intentions, and gender: Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education longitudinally. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(3), 561-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2014.09.005
Stevenson, L., Daoud, Y., Sadeq, T., & Tartir, A. (2010). Global entrepreneurship monitor: GEM-MENA regional report 2009 (Middle East and North Africa). Cairo, Egypt: International Development Research Centre.
ul Haq, M. A., Usman, M., & Hussain, N. (2014). Entrepreneurial activity in China and Pakistan: A GEM data evidence. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 6(2), 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-03-2014-0006
Urbano, D., & Alvarez, C. (2014). Institutional dimensions and entrepreneurial activity: an international study. Small Business Economics, 42(4), 703-716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9523-7
Urbano, D., Guerrero, M., Ferreira, J. J., & Fernandes, C. I. (2019). New technology entrepreneurship initiatives: Which strategic orientations and environmental conditions matter in the new socio-economic landscape?. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(5), 1577-1602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9675-3
Welpe, I. M., Spörrle, M., Grichnik, D., Michl, T., & Audretsch, D. B. (2012). Emotions and opportunities: The interplay of opportunity evaluation, fear, joy, and anger as antecedent of entrepreneurial exploitation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(1), 69-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00481.x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
