Women Leadership and Its Association to Individual Characteristics, Social Support, and Diversity of Work Environment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3760.2021Keywords:
Women Leadership, Individual Characteristic, Social Support, Diverse Working EnvironmentAbstract
This research was conducted to see the association of women leadership and individual characteristic, social support, and the diversity of working environment on women leaders. It was conducted on one of the largest textiles listed company in Indonesia with a market capitalization of more than six trillion Rupiah. This type of research is quantitative associative explanation. Purposive sampling method was used to obtain a popu-lation that fits in the criteria of a leader who have position as supervisor above to be the respondents. 100 female leaders who have been working more than a year in the company were qualified as respon-dents. Questionnaires were used with closed and opened questions. In order to analyzed the association between variables, the data was analyzed by Chi-Square analysis using SPSS. The respondents were 100 women leaders of a listed textile manufacturing company in Indonesia. The result showed that women leaders, who had high leadership capabilities due to the individual characteristic fit as a leader. They received social supports, especially from their spouses. Moreover, high diversity of working environment helped their networking. There were two kinds of individual characteristic (age and marital status) had no associative with women leadership.
References
Bullough, A. M. (2008). Global Factors Affecting Women's Participation in Leadership (Publication No. 3358429) [Doctoral Dissertation, Florida International University-Miami]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Bullough, A. M., & de Luque, M. S. (2015). Women's participation in entrepreneurial and political leadership: The importance of culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories. Leadership, 11(1), 36-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715013504427
Bullough, A. M., Kroeck, K. G., Newburry, W., Kundu, S. K., & Lowe, K. B. (2012). Women's political leadership participation around the world: An institutional analysis. The Leader-ship Quarterly, 23(3), 398-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.010
Catalyst. (2006). Connection That Count: The Informal Networks of Women of Color in the United States. New York, USA: Catalyst.
Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In A. Baum, J. E. Singer, & S. E. Taylor (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and health (pp. 253-267). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003044307-10
Cormier, D. (2007). Retaining top women business leaders: Strategies for ending the exodus. Business Strategy Series, 8(4), 262-269. https://doi.org/10.1108/17515630710684303
Cutrona, C. E. (1986). Behavioral manifestations of social support: A microanalytic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.201
Cutrona, C. E., & Gardner, K. A. (2004). Social support. In A. J. Christensen, R. Martin, & J. M. Smyth (Eds.), Encyclopedia of health psychology (pp. 280-284). New York: Kluwer.
Daft, R. L. (2007). Management. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Grant, A., & Sandberg, S. (2014, December 6). Women at Work: When Talking about Bias Back-fires. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/07/opini on/sunday/adam-grant-and-sheryl-sandberg-on-discrimination-at-work.html
Guy, M. L., Niethammer, C., & Moline, A. (2011). Women on Boards: A Conversation with Male Directors. Washington, D.C.: International Finance Corporation.
Hayati, N. R. (2009). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan kaum perempuan dalam kepemimpinan. Paper presented in the Seminar Nasional Wanita, Pusat Studi Wanita, Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Hora, E. A. (2014). Factors that affect women participations in leadership and decision-making position. Asian Journal of Humanity, Art, and Literature, 1(2), 97-117. https://doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v1i2.287
Jepson, L. J. (2010). An analysis of factor that influence success of women engineering leaders in corporate America [Doctoral dissertation, Antioch University]. Antioch University Repository & Archiv. https://aura.antioch.edu/etds/666
Hurriyati, R. (2005), Bauran pemasaran dan loyalitas konsumen. Bandung: ALFABETA.
Lahti, E. (2013). Women and leadership: factor that influence women's career success (Bachelor's tesis, Lathi University of Applied Sciences). https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/66172/Lahti_Elsi.pdf.pdf
Le, N. T. T. (2011). How does culture impact on women's leadership in higher education? A case study in Vietnam (Master's thesis, The University of Waikato). https://hdl.handle.net/10289/5313
McKinsey&Company. (2008). Women matter 2: Female leadership, a competitive edge for the future. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Organization/Our%20Insights/Women%20matter/Women_matter_oct2008_english.pdf
McKinsey&Company. (2012). Women matter: An asian perspective. https://www.femtech.at/sites/default/files/McKinsey_Women.pdf
Moreno-Gomez, J., Lafuente, E., & Vaillant, Y. (2017). Gender diversity in the board, women's leadership, and business performance. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 33(2), 104-122. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-05-2017-0058
Nahar, G. S., & Humaidan, R. L. A. (2013, June). The factor affecting women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(11), 84-94.
Palermo, J. (2004). Breaking the cultural mould: The key to women's career success. Melbourne, Australia: Hudson.
Patel, G., & Buiting, S. (2013). Gender differences in leadership styles and the impact within corporate board. The Commonwealth Secretariat: Social Transformation Programmes Division.
Primadini, I. (2012). Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan perempuan dan tingkat kinerja karyawan: Studi pada staf administrasi fakultas ilmu keperawatan Universitas Indonesia (Master's tesis, Universitas Indonesia). Universitas Indonesia Library. http://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20300762
Robbins, S. P. (2013). Organizational behavior. England: Pearson Education Limited.
Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2012). Management (11th ed.). New Jearsey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Sarafino, E. P. (1998). Health Psychology: Biopsychosocial Interactions (3th ed.). USA: Wiley.
Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2011). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions. United States of American: John Wiley & Sonc, Inc.
Sarrason, I. G. (2001). Abnormal psychology. United States of America: Barbara R. Sarason.
Schaefer, C., Coyne, J. C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981). The health-related functions of social support. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 381-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00846149
Sperandio, J., & Kagoda, A. (2009). Learning from experience: Improving equality of access and outcomes for girls in Uganda's universal post primary education and raining initiative. In D. S. Baker, & A. Wiseman (Eds.), Gender, equality, and education from international and comparative perspectives (pp.89-123). International Perspectives on Education and Society Series. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Science/Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3679(2009)0000010006
Stawiski, S., Deal, J. J., & Ruderman, M. (2010, April). Building trust in the workplace: A key to retaining women. Center for Creative Leadership. https://cclinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/building-trust-in-the-workplace.pdf https://doi.org/10.35613/ccl.2010.2017
Taylor, E. S. (2003). Health psychology. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Hinger Education.
The Ministry of Industry Indonesia. (2019). Indutsri tekstil dan produk tekstil direvitalisasi. https://kemenperin.go.id/artikel/60/Industri-Tekstil-Dan-Produk-Tekstil-Di-Revitalisasi
Thoha, M. (2007). Perilaku organisasi konsep dasar dan aplikasinya. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Thoha, M. (2010). Kepemimpinan dan Manajemen. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Watson, C. (2016). A critical feminist perspective on leadership excellence and gender. Paper presented at Closing the gender gap: Advancing leadership and organizations. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316069
Wills, T. A., & Fegan, M. F. (2001). Social networks and social support. In A. Baum, T. A. Revenson, & J. E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology (pp. 209-234). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wulandari, N. P. (2015, April 6). Porsi pemimpin wanita di Indonesia menurun. Retrieved May 18, 2018, from http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/15/04/06/nmdrum-porsi-pemim%20pin-wanita-di-in%1fdo%1fnesia-menurun
Zaccaro, S. J. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.6
Zaccaro, S. J., Kemp, C., & Bader, P. (2004). Leader traits and attributes. In J. Antonakis, A. Cianciolo, & R. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature of leadership (pp. 101-124). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.