Sculpting a Community for Tourism Enterprise: A Case Study in Lenggong Valley, Malaysia

Authors

  • Mastura Jaafar Universiti Sains Malaysia
  • Alireza Jalali University of Nizwa
  • Norziani Dahalan Universiti Sains Malaysia
  • Sara Abhari Universiti Sains Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3191.2021

Keywords:

Community-Based Tourism Enterprise, Entrepreneurship, Rural Tourism, Lenggong Valley

Abstract

Entrepreneurship training is an integral element that promotes entrepreneurship across a wide range of industries. In rural areas, the success of tourism destination heavily and solely depends on community involvement. Hence, community-based tourism enterprise (CBTE) appears to be a practical approach in encouraging the community to be involved in entrepreneurial activities. Nevertheless, efforts are scarce to document the training modules of CBTE program established in rural tourism. This study, hence, explored the training modules for CBTE development in the Lenggong Valley and measured the effectiveness of the training. The program has been initiated by Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) with cooperation from Northern Corridor Economic Implementation (NCIA). The CBTE training was successfully conducted, wherein the community had placed high ranking for most of the items. The identified main challenge refers to sustenance of the business entity. This article contributes to CBTE literature by sharing a new perspective pertaining to training modules within the context of rural tourism. The study outcomes may be utilised by other CBTE programs with some modification to suit their specific needs and requirements.

References

Ali, R. (2011). Entrepreneurship-related factors and firm performance: A study on the Bumiputera housing developers in Peninsular Malaysia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.

Arasti, Z., Zandi, F., & Bahmani, N. (2014). Business failure factors in Iranian SMEs: Do successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurs have different viewpoints? Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 4(10), 2-14.

Asah, F., Fatoki, O. O., & Rungani, E. (2015). The impact of motivations, personal values and management skills on the performance of SMEs in South Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 6(3), 308-322.

Baroncelli, A., & Landoni, M. (2019). Imitation and entrepreneurial learning: Insights from academic spin-offs. Industry and Higher Education, 33(4), 233-245.

Rodrigues, C. B., & Prideaux, B. (2018). A management model to assist local communities developing community-based tourism ventures: a case study from the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(2), 1-19.

Castro, C., & Ferreira, F. A. (2019). Entrepreneurs’ Self-Perception of Skills in Rural Tourism. European Journal of Tourism Research, 21, 50-68.

Friedrich, C., Glaub, M., Gramberg, K., & Frese, M. (2006). Does training improve the business performance of small-scale entrepreneurs? An evaluative study. Industry and Higher Education, 20(2), 75-84.

Galvao, A. R., Marques, C. S., Ferreira, J. J., & Braga, V. (2020). Stakeholders’ role in entrepreneurship education and training programmes with impacts on regional development. Journal of Rural Studies, 74, 169-179.

Giampiccoli, A., & Kalis, J. H. (2012). Tourism, food, and culture: Community‐based tourism, local food, and community development in Mpondoland. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, 34(2), 101-123.

Gunawan, Y., Eko, B., Yudistyana, R., & Putri, D. T. (2020). Independent Community Building Model through Environmental-based Tourism Management in “Masdarling” Program. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 9(2), 208-219.

Gupta, S. (1989). Entrepreneurship development: the Indian case. Journal of small business management, 27(1), 67-69.

Haugh, H., & Pardy, W. (1999). Community entrepreneurship in north east Scotland. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 5(4), 163-172.

Imbaya, B., Nthiga, R., Sitati, N., & Lenaiyasa, P. (2019). Capacity building for inclusive growth in community-based tourism initiatives in Kenya. Tourism Management Perspectives, 30, 11-18.

Jaafar, M., Abu Bakar, S. P. S., & Wan Daud, W. M. D. (2015). Training new housing entrepreneurs- A Malaysian scenario. In J. C. Sánchez-Garcia (Ed.), Entrepreneurship, Education and Training (pp. 225-244). Croatia: InTech.

Jaafar, M., Md Nor, S. & Rasoolimanesh, S. M. (2015). Perception of young local residents toward sustainable conservation programmes: A case study of the Lenggong World Cultural Heritage Site. Tourism Management, 48, 154–163.

Jaafar, M., Kayat, K., Tangit, T. M., & Yacob, M. F. (2013). Nature-based rural tourism and its economic benefits: A case study of Kinabalu National Park. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 5(4), 342-352.

Jaafar, M., Md Noor, S., Mohamad, D., Jalali, A., & Hashim, J. B. (2020). Motivational factors impacting rural community participation in community-based tourism enterprise in Lenggong Valley, Malaysia. Asia Pasific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(7), 697-710. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2020.1769696

Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., & Ramayah, T. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance: the interaction effect of customer capital. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 10(1), 48-68.

Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., & Thurasamy, R. (2013). Influence of entrepreneurial orientation on the financial performance: evidence from SMEs in Iran. Middle East Journal of Management, 1(2), 168-185.

Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., & Ramayah, T. (2020). Organization-stakeholder relationship and performance of Iranian SMEs: Examining the separate mediating role of innovativeness and risk-taking. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 13(3), 417-4366.

Jalali, A., Thurasamy, R., & Jaafar, M. (2017). The moderating effect of social capital in relation to entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance. In N. H. Ahmad, T. Ramayah, H. A. Halim & S. A. Rahman (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Small and Medium Enterprises in Developing Countries (pp. 82-115). USA: IGI Global.

Jaramillo-Moreno, B. C., Sánchez-Cueva, I. P., Tinizaray-Tituana, D. G., Narváez, J. C., Cabanilla-Vásconez, E. A., Muñoz Torrecillas, M. J., & Cruz Rambaud, S. (2020). Diagnosis of Administrative and Financial Processes in Community-Based Tourism Enterprises in Ecuador. Sustainability, 12(17), 7123. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177123

Johannisson, B. (2011). Towards a practice theory of entrepreneuring. Small business economics, 36(2), 135-150.

Johnson, P. A. (2010). Realizing rural community-based tourism development: Prospects for social economy enterprises. Journal of rural and community development, 5(1), 150-162.

Kayat, K., & Zainuddin, N. F. A. (2016). Community-based Tourism Initiative in Rural Malaysia: Is it a Success? International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(7S), 242-249.

Kroon, J., & Moolman, P. L. (1992). Entrepreneurship. South Africa: South Africa Central Publications.

Kurczewska, A., & Mackiewicz, M. (2020). Are jacks-of-all-trades successful entrepreneurs? Revisiting Lazear's theory of entrepreneurship. Baltic Journal of Management, 15(3), 411-430.

Ladzani, W. M., & Van Vuuren, J. J. (2002). Entrepreneurship training for emerging SMEs in South Africa. Journal of small business management, 40(2), 154-161.

Lee, T., & Jan, F. (2019). Market segmentation based on the environmentally responsible behaviors of community‐based tourists: Evidence from Taiwan's community‐based destinations. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(3), 400-411.

Lucchetti, V. G., & Font, X. (2013). Community based tourism: Critical success factors. Retrieved from www.icrtourism.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/OP27.pdf

Mano, Y., Iddrisu, A., Yoshino, Y., & Sonobe, T. (2012). How can micro and small enterprises in sub-Saharan Africa become more productive? The impacts of experimental basic managerial training. World Development, 40(3), 458-468.

Mgonja, J. T., Sirima, A., Backman, K. F., & Backman, S. J. (2015). Cultural community-based tourism in Tanzania: Lessons learned and way forward. Development Southern Africa, 32(3), 377-391.

Mitchell, J., & Ashley, C. (2010). Tourism and Poverty Reduction. Pathways to Prosperity. London: Earthscan.

Mtapuri, O., & Giampiccoli, A. (2013). Interrogating the role of the state and nonstate actors in community-based tourism ventures: toward a model for spreading the benefits to the wider community. South African Geographical Journal, 95(1), 1-15.

Mullins, L. J. (2010). Management and Organisational Behaviour. London: Pearson Education.

Nicely, A., & Sydnor, S. (2015). Rural tourism development: Tackling a culture of local nonparticipation in a postslavery society. Journal of travel research, 54(6), 717-729.

North, D., & Smallborne, D. (2006). Developing entrepreneurship and enterprise in Europe's peripheral rural areas: Some issues facing policy-makers. European Planning Studies, 14(1), 41-60.

Ogundele, O., Akingbade, W. A., & Akinlabi, H. B. (2012). Entrepreneurship training and education as strategic tools for poverty alleviation in Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(1), 148-156.

Ooghe, H., & De Prijcker, S. (2008). Failure processes and causes of company bankruptcy: a typology. Management Decision, 46(2), 223-242.

Osuagwu, L. (2006). Small Business and Entrepreneurship Management. Lagos: Grey Resources Limited.

Pato, L., & Kastenholz, E. (2017). Marketing of rural tourism–a study based on rural tourism lodgings in Portugal. Journal of Place Management and Development, 10(2), 121-139.

Peredo, A. M., & Chrisman, J. J. (2006). Toward a theory of community-based enterprise. Academy of management Review, 31(2), 309-328.

Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Dahalan, N., & Jaafar, M. (2016). Tourists' perceived value and satisfaction in a community-based homestay in the Lenggong Valley World Heritage Site. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 26, 72-81.

Schendel, D., & Hitt, M. A. (2007). Introduction to volume 1. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1& 2), 1-6.

Scheyvens, R. (2002). Backpacker tourism and third world development. Annals of tourism research, 29(1), 144-164.

Sebele, L. S. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama rhino sanctuary trust, central district, Botswana. Tourism management, 31(1), 136-146.

Stone, L. (1989). Cultural cross-roads of community participation in development: A case from Nepal. Human Organisation, 48(3), 206-213.

Stone, L. S., & Stone, T. M. (2011). Community-based tourism enterprises: challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 97-114.

Sullivan, R. (2000). Entrepreneurial learning and mentoring International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour &Research, 6(3), 160-167.

Taylor, S. R. (2017). Issues in measuring success in community-based Indigenous tourism: elites, kin groups, social capital, gender dynamics and income flows. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(3), 433-449.

Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism management, 21(6), 613-633.

Zielinski, S., Jeong, Y., & Milanés, C. B. (2020). Factors that influence community-based tourism (CBT) in developing and developed countries. Tourism Geographies, doi: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1786156

Downloads

Published

2021-03-24

How to Cite

Mastura Jaafar, Alireza Jalali, Norziani Dahalan, & Sara Abhari. (2021). Sculpting a Community for Tourism Enterprise: A Case Study in Lenggong Valley, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(1), 496–512. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3191.2021