Sultans’ Palaces and Museums in Indonesian Borneo : National Policies, Political Decentralization, Cultural Depatrimonization, Identity Relocalization, 1950-2010
Keywords:
Kalimantan, Borneo, Muslim sultanate, new museum, state museum, patrimonyAbstract
This essay reviews the development of second-generation museums (state museums) in independent Indonesia, and the state’s policies regarding culture and museums. It then focuses on the specific case of Kalimantan, during the New Order period (1965-1998) and after the rapid decentralization that followed the demise of President Soeharto’s regime. Then the advent of a third generation of museums in the early 2000s isdescribed, as well as a process of depatrimonization of the palaces and their collections subsequent to the restoration of the former kingdoms. Finally, it briefly considers the future role of these palaces in the regions’ cultures and increasingly lively political scenes, and discusses the “new museum” concept meant to involve local communities, as applied to Kalimantan.References
References
Adams, Kathleen M., 1999, “Identités ethniques, régionales et nationales dans les musées indonésiens,” Ethnologie Française, 29 (3): 355-364.
Andini Perdana, 2011, “Museum dan Identitas: Museum La Galigo sebagai Media Komunikasi Identitas Budaya Sulawesi Selatan,” paper, Seminar Towards Indonesian Postmodern Museums, 3 Maret 2011, Jakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Departemen Arkeologi, Universitas Indonesia.
Asosiasi, 2013, Asosiasi Museum Indonesia [Obituaries of Ki Mohd. Amir Sutaarga] [http:// asosiasimuseumindonesia.org/component/search/?searchword=sutaarga&searchphrase=all].
Bakker, L., 2008, “Politics or Tradition. Debating Hak Ulayat in Pasir,” in Relections on the Heart of Borneo, G.A. Persoon & M. Osseweijer (eds), Wageningen: Tropenbos International, pp. 141-157.
Bilfaqih, H. Syed Ali Amin, 2006, Sekilas Sejarah Kesultanan Bulungan Dari Masa Ke Masa, Tarakan: C.V. Eka Jaya.
Chazine, J.-M., in press, “From Caves to Museums: Process and Sharing,” in Framing Cultures: Visual Cristallizations and Cultural Transfers in the Use of Images in Anthropological Museums, L. Brutti (ed.), Marseille: Editions du CREDO.
Cribb, R., 2000, Historical Atlas of Indonesia, London: Curzon Press, Singapore: New Asian Library, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Cribb, R., 2010, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History, Copenhagen: NIAS Press [booklet and cd-rom].
Damais, Soedarmadji, 1992, “Pusaka in Times of Change,” in Pusaka. Art of Indonesia, Haryati Soebadio (ed.), Singapore: Archipelago Press, pp. 205-208.
DM, 1979/1980, Pedoman Pembakuan Museum Umum Tingkat Propinsi, by Moh. Amir Sutaarga, Jakarta: Direktorat Permuseuman, Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman.
DM, 1989, Pedoman Pembakuan Sistem Penyelenggaraan Museum di Indonesia, Jakarta: Direktorat Permuseuman.
DM, 1989/1990, Pedoman Penyelenggaraan dan Pengelolaan Museum, by Amir Sutaarga, Jakarta: Direktorat Permuseuman, Proyek Pembinaan Permuseuman.
DM, 1995, Pedoman Klasifikasi Koleksi Museum Umum Negeri Provinsi, Jakarta: Direktorat Permuseuman.
DM, 1998, updated edition of DM 1979/1980 [not consulted].
DM, 2008, Pedoman Museum Indonesia, Gatot Ghautama & Prioyulianto (eds), Jakarta: Direktorat Museum.
DM, 2009a, Ayo Kita Mengenal Museum, Jakarta: Direktorat Museum.
DM, 2009b, Bagaimana Mendirikan Sebuah Museum, Jakarta: Direktorat Museum.
DM, 2009c, Himpunan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Republik Indonesia Tentang Museum, Jakarta: Direktorat Museum.
DM, 2011, Sejarah Permuseuman di Indonesia, Jakarta: Direktorat Permuseuman, 5 parts. [http://museumku.wordpress.com/sejarah-museum/].
Eisenberger, J., 1936, Kroniek der Zuider- en Oosterafdeeling van Borneo, Bandjermasin: Liem Hwat Sing.
Enthoven, J.J.K., 1903, Bijdragen tot de Geographie van Borneo’s Wester-afdeeling, Leiden: Brill, 2 vol.
Fienieg, Anouk, 2007, Sejarah Sintang. The History of Sintang: A Collection of Books, Manuscripts, Archives and Articles, Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, KIT Bulletin No. 377 [not consulted].
Gazali Usman, Hj. A.,1994, Kerajaan Banjar. Sejarah dan Perkembangan Politik, Ekonomi Perdagangan dan Agama Islam, Banjarmasin: Lambung Mangkurat University Press.
Goenadi Nitihaminoto, Armeiny, & Kosasih S.A., 1977, “Laporan Hasil Survai Kepurbakalaan di Propinsi Kalimantan Barat,” Berita Penelitian Arkeologi, 6: 1-50.
Guerreiro, A., 2007, “Représentations architecturales et processus identitaires : le cas de l’Indonésie,” Moussons, 11: 107-132.
Guerreiro, A., 2011, “Diversité culturelle et identités : les collections muséographiques en Indonésie et en Fédération de Malaysia,” paper, Quatrième Congrès du Réseau Asie & Pacifique, Paris, 14-16 Sept. 2011. [http://www.reseau-asie.com/userfiles/file/C04_ guerreiro_collections_museographiques.pdf].
Hägerdal, Hans, 2003, “Kerajaan-2 Indonesia: An alphabetic enumeration of the former princely states of Indonesia, from the earliest time to the modern period, with simplified genealogies and order of succession,” unpubl. MS, Vaxjo (Sweden): University of Vaxjo.
Handleiding, 1884, Handleiding bij de beoefening der Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië, Breda: Broese.
History, 2014, History of Museums and Cultural Institutions in Indonesia [http://www. reachinformation.com/define/List%20of%20museums%20and%20cultural%20 institutions%20in%20Indonesia.aspx].
Hitchcock, M., V.T. King, & M. Parnwell, 2010, “Heritage tourism in Southeast Asia,” in Heritage tourism in Southeast Asia, M. Hitchcock, V.T. King, & M. Parnwell (eds), Copenhagen: NIAS Press, pp. 1-27.
ICOM, 1976, Museums in Indonesia, 1968-1976: Country report submitted by Muhammad Amir Sutaarga, Secretary National Committee ICOM Indonesia to the Asian Regional ICOM Assembly, Tehran, 13-18 November 1976, by M.A. Sutaarga, Jakarta: ICOM National Committee in Indonesia.
ICOM, 2010 [2002], “Country Paper of the Republic of Indonesia,” by Indonesian Delegation, in Protection of Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia. Workshop Proceedings, Hanoi, Vietnam, 9-13 April 2001, Amareswar Galla (ed.), Paris: Asia Pacific Organisation (ASPAC) of the ICOM & Vietnam Ministry of Culture and Information, pp. 27-31. [Digital Version 2010].
Idwar Saleh, M., 1958, Sedjarah Bandjarmasin, Bandung: K.P.P.K., Seri Monografi.
Idwar Saleh, M., 1975, “Agrarian radicalism and movements of native insurrection in South Kalimantan (1858-1865),” Archipel, 9: 135-153.
Idwar Saleh, M., 1982/1983, Lukisan Perang Banjar, 1859-1865, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Museum Negeri Lambung Mangkurat.
IS (Internet Sources), see below.
Kaltim Post, 2010, “HUT ke-1660 Kesultanan Kutai,” Kaltim Post, 25 November. Kemdikbud, 2013, Ministry of Education and Culture.
Klinken, G. van, 2006, “Colonizing Borneo: State-Building and Ethnicity in Central Kalimantan,” Indonesia, 81: 23-49.
Klinken, G. van, 2007, “Return of the Sultans: The communitarian turn in local politics,” in The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism, J. Davidson & D. Henley (eds), London: Routledge, pp. 149-169.
Kreps, C., 1994, “The Paradox of Cultural Preservation in Museums,” Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 23 (4): 292-306.
Kreps, C., 1998, “Museum Making and Indigenous Curation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia,” Museum Anthropology, 22 (1): 5-17.
Kreps, C., 2003, Liberating Culture: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Museums, Curation, and Heritage Preservation, London: Routledge.
Kreps, C., 2005, “Indigenous Curation as Intangible Cultural Heritage: Thoughts on the Relevance of the 2003 UNESCO Convention,” in Theorizing Cultural Heritage (A Fellowship Program at the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage Funded by the Rockfeller Foundation, Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage), 1 (2): 3-8.
Kreps, C., 2006, “Non-Western Models of Museums and Curation in Cross-cultural Perspective,” in A Companion to Museum Studies, Sharon Macdonald (ed.), London: Blackwell, pp. 457-472.
Kreps, C., 2012, “Museum Balanga as a Site of Cultural Hybridization,” in Museum Objects: Experiencing the Properties of Things, Sandra H. Dudley (ed.), London: Routledge [not consulted].
Lombard, D., 1984, “Guide Archipel IV: Pontianak et son arrière-pays,” Archipel, 28: 77-97. Lontaan, J.U., 1975, Sejarah-Hukum Adat dan Adat Istiadat Kalimantan-Barat, Jakarta: Pemda Tingkat I KalBar.
Marryat, F.S., 1848, Borneo and the Indian Archipelago with Drawings of Costume and Scenery, London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longman.
Njoto, Hélène, 2015, “L’Invention du patrimoine indonésien,” in Indonésie contemporaine, une révolution inachevée, R. Madinier (ed.), Paris: Les Indes Savantes & IRASEC.
Picard, Michel, 1993, “Cultural Tourism in Bali: national integration and regional differentiation,” in Tourism in South-East Asia, M. Hitchcock, V.T. King, & M.J.G. Parnwell (eds), London: Routledge, pp. 71-98.
Picard, Michel, 1997, “Cultural Tourism, Nation Building, and Regional Culture: The Making of a Balinese Identity,” in Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies, M. Picard & R.E. Wood (eds), Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, pp. 181-214.
Pijnappel, J., 1968 [1860], “Kota Waringin in the 19th Century,” in Hikajat Bandjar. A Study in Malay Historiography, by J.J. Ras, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, Appendix 1, pp. 618- 623.
RAI, 2012, The Royak Ark (Indonesia) [http://www.royalark.net/Indonesia/indon.htm].
Rath, Amanda, 1997, “Cultural Sublimation. The Museumizing of Indonesia,” Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies, 1 (1). [http://www.hawaii.edu/cseas/pubs/explore/v1n1-art2.html].
Rees, W.A. van, 1867, De Bandjermasinsche Krijg van 1859-1863, Arnhem: Thieme.
RI, 1983, Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia Nomor: II/ MPR/1983 Tentang Garis-garis Besar Haluan Negara [Decree of the People’s Congress of the Republic of Indonesia No. II/MPR/1983 on the Outline of the Plan Orientation].
RI, 2000, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 2000 tentang Kewenangan Pemerintah dan Provinsi sebagai Daerah Otonom [Government Decree No. 25 of 2000 on the Authority of the State and of the Provinces as Autonomous Regions].
RI, 2004, Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah [Law no. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government].
RI, 2005, Instruksi President Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2005 tentang Kebijakan Pembangunan Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata [Presidential Decree No. 16 of 2005 on Policy for the Development of Culture and Tourism].
RI, 2007, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2007 tentang Pembagian Kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah [Government Decree No.38 of 2007 on the Distribution of Authority between State and Regional Governments].
RI, 2009, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kepariwisataan [Law No. 10 of 2009 on Tourism].
RI, 2010, Instruksi President Nomor 1 Tahun 2010 Tentang Percepatan Pelaksanaan Prioritas Pembangunan [Presidential Decree No. 1 of 2010 on the Stepping up of the Implementation of the Priorities of Development].
Schwaner, C.A.L.M., 1853-54, Borneo. Beschrijving van het stroomgebied van den Barito en reizen …, Amsterdam: P.N. Van Kampen, 2 vol.
SEK, 1989–90, Sekelumit Koleksi Museum Negeri Kalimantan Tengah, Palangkaraya: Proyek Pembinaan Permuseuman Kalimantan Tengah.
Sellato, B., 1998, “Modern architecture and provincial identity in Kalimantan,” in Indigenous architecture in Borneo: traditional patterns and new developments, R.L. Winzeler (ed.), Williamsburg, VA.: Borneo Research Council, pp. 198-234.
Sellato, B., 2013, “Settlement, migration, and trade along river axes in Borneo,” paper, Seventh EUROSEAS Conference, Lisbon, 2-6 July 2013.
Sellato, B., in press, “Material Culture Studies and Ethnocultural Identity,” in Borneo Studies: Past, Present and Future, V.T King, Wan Zawawi Ibrahim, & Dk. Noor Hasharina Pg. Hj. Hassan (eds), Bandar Seri Begawan: Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Institute of Asian Studies, & Springer, IAS Asia in Transition Series.
Sellato, B., n.d., Culture, History, Politics, and the Emergence of Provincial Identities in Kalimantan, unpubl. MS, dated 1991, with Postscript dated 2000, p. 30.
Soebadio, Haryati, 1992, “Introduction,” in Pusaka. Arts of Indonesia, H. Soebadio (ed.), Singapore: Archipelago Press, pp. 15-16.
Soemadio, Bambang, 1987a, Sejarah Direktorat Permuseuman, Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Soemadio, Bambang, 1987b, Petunjuk Tata Tertib di Museum Negeri Propinsi, Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Sutaarga, Mohd. Amir, 1957, “Tugas Museum di Indonesia,” Bahasa dan Budaja, VI (1): 3-14. Sutaarga, Mohd. Amir, 1977, “Culture change and the role of museums in Indonesia,”
UNESCO, Regional Symposium on the Role of Museums in Changing Asian Societies.
Sutaarga, Ki Muhammad Amir, 1990, “Museology and Futurology,” Jakarta: ICOM Indonesia, May 1990.
Suwedi Montana, 1994/1995, “Berita-berita Lama tentang Kotawaringin dan Inskripsi Jawa Kuna yang Unik di Kalimantan,” Kebudayaan, 8: 15-21.
Tan, Heidi (ed.), 2010, Museum-Community Partnerships: The Role of ASEAN Museums in the 21st Century, Singapore: National Heritage Board.
Taylor, P.M., 1994a, “Introduction,” in Fragile Traditions: Indonesian Art in Jeopardy, P.M. Taylor (ed.), Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, pp. 1-12.
Taylor, P.M., 1994b, “The ‘Nusantara’ Concept of Culture: Local Traditions and National Identity as Expressed in Indonesia’s Museums,” in Fragile Traditions: Indonesian Art in Jeopardy, P.M. Taylor (ed.), Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, pp. 71-90.
UNESCO, 1973, Cultural Policy of Indonesia, Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO, 1985, Cultural Policy in Indonesia, Paris : UNESCO, Studies and Documents on Cultural Policies.
Vienne, M.-S. de, 2012, Brunei. De la thalassocratie à la rente, Paris: CNRS Editions.
Vita, & T.M. Rita Istari, 1994, Situs Kotawaringin, Kecamatan Kotawaringin Lama, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Barat, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah, report, Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, Laporan Penelitian Arkeologi.
Complementary references (Illustrations)
Bock, C., 1882, The Head-Hunters of Borneo: a narrative of travel up the Mahakkam and down the
Barito; also, Journeyings in Sumatra, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
Buddingh, S.A., 1867, Neêrlands Oost-Indië. Reizen over Java, …., Amsterdam, Wed. J.C. van Kesteren & Zoon, 2nd ed., 3 vols.
RIK, 1953, Republik Indonesia. Propinsi Kalimantan, n.p.: Kementerian Penerangan. Werdmüller von Elgg, P.A.C.H.T.A., 1863, Twaalf schetsen van belangrijke punten uit het Rijk
Bandjermasin, Borneo’s Z. & O. Kust: naar de natuur getekend [known under the title
Schetsen uit Bandjermasin], no place, no publisher, portfolio (34x42 cm).
Internet sources (History, Palaces, Museums)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_Indonesia
History
Melayu Online: http://melayuonline.com/ind
KOI, Kingdoms of Indonesia: http://kerajaan-indonesia.blogspot.fr/
IS Banjarmasin
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Lambung_Mangkurat http://kotawisataindonesia.com/wisata-museum-lambung-mangkurat/digital-camera/ http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/forum/showthread.php?520-Lambung-Mangkurat-
Museum-Banjarbaru-South-Kalimantan
http://onvacationtour.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/wasaka-museum/; http://www.wisatanesia. com/2010/09/museum-wasaka.html
IS Kotawaringin
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Kotawaringin; http://kotawaringinbaratkab.go.id/pde/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id= 90&Itemid=56
IS Kutai, Museum Mulawarman
http://www.kutaikartanegara.com/
http://museumku.wordpress.com/2010/04/24/museum-negeri-provinsi-kalimantan-timur- mulawarman/;
http://kesultanan.kutaikartanegara.com/index.php?menu=Keraton_Kutai http://museumku.wordpress.com/2010/05/13/museum-kayu-tuan-himba/
IS Palangkaraya, Museum Balanga http://museumbalanga.comuf.com/museumbalanga.php http://centralborneo.net/palangkaraya/museum-balanga/
IS Pasir, Museum Sadurengas
http://museumku.wordpress.com/2010/04/24/museum-sadurengas/; http://id.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Kesultanan_Pasir
IS Pontianak
http://disbudpar.kalbarprov.go.id/obyek-wisata/58-museum-negeri-pontianak.html; http:// www.pontianakweb.com/blog/kota-pontianak/item/35-museum-kalimantan-barat.html; http://www.museumindonesia.com/museum/44/1/Museum_Provinsi_Kalimantan_Barat_ Pontianak
IS Sintang
http://museumku.wordpress.com/2010/04/16/museum-kapuas-raya/; http://asosiasimuseumindonesia.org/organisasi/anggaran-rumah-tangga/2-single-articles/270-
museum-dara-juanti.html;
http://www.culturalheritageconnections.org/wiki/Pusat_Kebudayaan_Sintang; http://www.sintang.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=228:museum-
kapuas-raya&catid=85:rokstories2&Itemid=44.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Borneo-Kalimantan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
-
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.