A History of the Fort at Long Akah: Contact, Collaboration and Power
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/jbk.5811.2023Keywords:
Baram, fort, peace-making, power, tradeAbstract
This paper traces history through the fort at Long Akah during the various eras of the Brooke administration, the colonial government and the Sarawak State government. This study takes its cue from the notion of the fort as a vehicle for a distinctive history of an area and uses indigenous oral histories and recollections as “alternative history.” Forts were built during and after pacification and this process was dependent on the collaboration of local leaders whose influence was ritually prescribed by the adat. The forts functioned as a place where taxes were paid, where court cases were heard, and where trading took place. While the fort at Long Akah represented locally a locus of power for the Brooke administration, it will be seen that this power was located in a crucial local collaboration in governance, which depended on the role of local leaders.
References
Adams, C.D. (1919). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. September: 247.
Anonymous. (1936). Fourth Division News. Sarawak Gazette. December: 314-15.
Anonymous. (1961). Forts of the Baram. Sarawak Gazette. October:196.
Aplin, H.D. (1914a). Baram Monthly Report. Sarawak Gazette. January:5.
Aplin, H.D. (1914b). Baram Monthly Report Sarawak Gazette. April:84.
Baring Gould, S. and Bampfylde, C.A. (1989) A History of Sarawak Under Its Two White Rajahs. Singapore. Oxford University Press.
Banks, E. (1937). Baram Rice Famine. The Sarawak Gazette. January:24-25.
Batty-Smith. W. (1999). Sarawak the Rajah’s Officers 1841-1946, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
Brown, D.E. (1988). Tribe-Sultanate Relationships: Traditional Patterns of Rule in Brunei. Expedition, 30 (1): 45-49.
Carpenter, F.G. (1923). Baram Monthly Report. Sarawak Gazette. July: 214-215.
Chew, D. (1990). Chinese Pioneers on the Sarawak Frontier, 1841-1941, Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Cobbold Commission (1993) The Birth of Malaysia:A Reprint of the Report of the Commission of Enquiry. Kuching: Lee Ming Press 1993:31
Courtney, G.B. (2002) Silent Feet: the History of ‘Z Special Operations 1942-1945. McCrae Australia: Slouch Hat Publications.
Crocker, H.B. (1920). Report on the Survey of the Baram River. Sarawak Gazette. December : 259-60.
Courtney, G.B. (2002) Silent Feet: the History of ‘Z Special Operations 1942-1945. McCrae Australia: Slouch Hat Publications.
Crocker, H.B. (1920). Report on the Survey of the Baram River. Sarawak Gazette. December : 259-60.
Cross, J.(1964). Report on the Border Scouts in Sarawak: Fourth Division 10 February-1 March 64.
Daubeny, C.W. (1888). Sarawak Gazette. June:80.
Dick W.D. (1926). Baram Report. Sarawak Gazette. June:153.
Ding, S.N.(2007) Administrator at Large. In J.U.H. Chin and J. Langub (eds.) Reminscences Recollections of Sarawak Administrative Officers. 214-254.Subang Jaya: Pelanduk Publications.
Ding, n.d. My Changing World: A Memoir of Stewart Ngau Ding A Kayan District Officer. Kuching.
Douglas, R.S. (1905a). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette.January:12.
Douglas, R.S. (1905b). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. June:148.
Douglas, R.S. (1907). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette ,February:31-32.
Douglas, R.S. (1912a). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. May:101.
Douglas, R.S. (1912b). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. December:265.
Douglas, R.S. (1913). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. January: 7-8.
Douglas, R.S. (1922). Fourth Division Report. Sarawak Gazette. April:104.
Drake F.B.K. (1952). Baram Report. Sarawak Gazette. May :109.
Drake F.B.K. (1954). Baram Report. Sarawak Gazette. March :31.
Endicott, K. (2007). Rodney Needham: a Personal Remembrance. Borneo Research Bulletin. Vol38: 9-17.
Ermen, C. (1926a). Fourth Division Report. Sarawak Gazette. January:15-17.
Everett A.H. (1888) Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. April :77-78.
Fong H. K. (2008). A History of the Development of Baram River Basin in Sarawak Kuching: Sarawak Press.
Galvin. A.D. (1971) On the Banks of the Baram. Singapore: Boys’Town.
Galvin, A.D. (1975). The Passing of a Kenyah Chief. The Sarawak Museum Journal XX111, 44:81-90.
Godfrey, H.L. (2014). Trade and Transformation on the Borneo Frontier: Towards a Study of the Baram Region of Sarawak in the Late Nineteenth Century. Borneo Research Bulletin 45:87-135.
Goldman, R.H. (1968). The Beginnings of Commercial Development in the Baram and Marudi Following the Cession of 1882, Sarawak Gazette March:54-65
Griffin, A.F.R. (1950). Baram Report. Sarawak Gazette. June:179.
Harrison Manuscript 48/4. The Kalabits are Subdued. Echols Collection. Cornell University.
Harrisson T.1966. Sarawak Gazette The Hon’ble Senator Dato Temenggong Oyong Lawai Jau PNBS, QMC, MBE, DYAM. The Sarawak Gazette December 1966:374-377.
Heimann, J. 1998. The Most Offending Soul Alive:Tom Harrisson and his Remarkable Life. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
Hose, C. (1890). Annual Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette.March:37-8.
Hose, C. (1898a). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. July:139.
Hose, C. (1898b). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. August: 169-170.
Hose, C. (1900). Into the Heart of Borneo. The Geographical Journal Vol.16, No.1:39-59.
Hose (1991)1929 The Field-Book of a Jungle-Wallah: Shore, River and Forest Life in Sarawak. Singapore: Oxford Unversity Press
Hose, C, and Mc Dougall, W. (1993) 1912. The Pagan Tribes of Borneo: a Description of their Physical, Moral and Intellectual Condition with Some Discussion of their Ethnic Relations. Vol. 2. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Hudden, D. 1936 Fourth Division News. Sarawak Gazette.April:95-96
James H and Shel-Small.D. 1979. The Undeclared War. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Co-operative bookshop.
King, T.S. (1908). Monthly Report Baram District. Sarawak Gazette. February: 40-2.
Langub, J. (2013). Tamu: Institutionalized Barter Trade, the Penan and their Colonial Encounter with the Colonial and Post-Colonial State. Borneo Research Bulletin, 44:178-192.
Langub, J. (2017). Remembering Rodney Needham the Penan Way. Borneo Research Bulletin, 48:320-329.
Lian-Saging, R. (1976/ 1977). An Ethnohistory of the Kelabit Tribe of Sarawak: a Brief Look at the Kelabit Tribe before World War II and after. BA thesis. University of Malaya.
Lim Julitta Shau Hua (2005). Pussy’s in the Well: Japanese Occupation of Sarawak1941-1945
Long, B.(1989). ‘Z” Special Unit’s Secret War Operation Semut1: Soldiering with the Head-hunters of Borneo. Australia; Bob Long Publications.
MacDonald, M.(1968) Borneo People. Singapore: Donald More Press.
McSporran, M. (1962). Baram District Report. Sarawak Gazette. July:157-163
Mashman, V.A. (2018). A History of Lun Tauh Our People at the Borders of the Kelabit Highlands: from Warfare, to the Life of Government and to the life of Christianity. PhD Thesis. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
Mashman, V.A. (2019). ‘Looted in an expedition against the Madangs’: Decolonizing History for the Museum. Volkskunde Tijdschrift over de cultuur van het dagelijks leven. 120 (3) :407-432.
Mashman, V.A. (2020). Peace-Making, Adat and Tama Bulan. Wang Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan Vol 6 No 1 (2020): https://doi.org/10.33736/jbk.2414.2020
Metcalf, P. (2010). The Life of the Longhouse an Archaeology of Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nicholl, R. (1953) Miri Letter. Sarawak Gazette. November: 207-208.
Owen, H.L. (1922). Fourth Division Report. Sarawak Gazette. September: 313
Owen, H.L. (1924a). Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette May : 169-70
Owen, H.L. (1924b). Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette September: 296-7
Owen, H.L. (1925a). Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette March: 59
Owen, H.L. (1925b). Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette May: 114-115
Owen, H.L. (1926). Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette November: 297-298
Pollard, F.H.(1930a ) Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette March:77
Pollard, F.H.(1930b) Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette April: 105
Pollard, F.H.(1930c) Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette July: 181
Pollard, F.H.(1930d) Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette September: 235
Pollard, F.H.(1931a) Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette January:20
Pollard, F.H.(1931b ) Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette March:67
Pollard, F.H.(1931c ) Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette November:253
Pollard, F.H.(1932a ) Fourth Division Report Sarawak Gazette January:17
Rousseau, J. (1990). Central Borneo Ethnic Identity and Social Life in a Stratified Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Ritchie, J. (2006). Temenggong Oyong Lawai Jau A Paramount Chief in Borneo the Legacy. Wisma Printing Kuching.
Smith, A.G (1963):Kelabit and Baram Diary Sarawak Gazette December: 304-8
St. John, S. (1974) [1864]. Life in the Forests of the Far East. Volume 1. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Talib, N. (1995).The Native Officers’ Service: Growth, Development and Eventual Dissipation in King V.T. and Horton A.V.M. From Buckfast to Borneo (Essays Presented to Father Robert Nicholl on the 85th Anniversary of his Birth 27 March 1995). Kuching: Sarawak Literary Society.
Talib, N.(1999). Administrators and Their Service. The Sarawak Administrative Service under the Brooke Rajahs and British Colonial Rule. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tan, G. (2008). Indonesian Confrontation and Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1963-1966-experiences of a local Reporter. Kuching: Pererbitan Sehati Sdn. Bhd.
Ting, J.H.S (2014). Precarious Power, Forts and Outstations: Indigenisation, Institutional Architecture and Settlement Patterns in Sarawak, 1841–1917. PhD Thesis. The University of Melbourne
Toynbee, M. (1997) Jungle Schools: Letters from Sarawak 1958-1965.Canada . M. Hepburn &Associates.
Truscott, J.(n.d.)Voices from Borneo: the Japanese War. htpp//clarsys.com.au/jt/VfromBor1.pdf
Tuhiwai Smith, L. (2004). Decolonizing Methodologies Research and Indigenous Peoples, London and New York: Zed Books Ltd.
White D.C. (1933) Baram District Report Sarawak Gazette. April :57
Woodward, E.M.( 1926) Baram District Report Sarawak Gazette. June :153-154.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
-
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
