Masyarakat Melayu di Belaga: Sejarah, Perdagangan, Penempatan dan Adaptasian
Abstract
Komuniti Melayu di Belaga terdiri daripada dua perkampungan kecil: iaitu Kampung Melayu, Belaga, yang mempunyai 68 buah rumah dengan populasi sebanyak 648 penduduk; dan Kampung Hijrah, Belaga, yang mempunyai 27 buah rumah dengan populasi sebanyak 172 penduduk (Pejabat Daerah Belaga 2016). Kampung Hijrah pada mulanya merupakan sebahagian daripada Kampung Melayu Belaga sebelum berpecah menjadi dua buah kampung yang berbeza pada tahun 2014. Perubahan tersebut berlaku disebabkan kekurangan kawasan tanah bagi menampung pertambahan populasi penduduk kampung tersebut. Dengan jumlah keseluruhan populasi kedua-dua kampung sebanyak 820 penduduk, jumlah tersebut hanya mewakili sebahagian kecil daripada jumlah populasi daerah Belaga sebanyak 25,609 penduduk.
Masyarakat Melayu ini merupakan keturunan para pedagang dari Brunei dan Sumatera serta keturunan keluarga Melayu Abang6 dari Sadong, Sarawak barat dan keluarga Kedayan dari Sibuti. Sebahagian daripada pedagang tersebut mengahwini wanita tempatan dan terdapat juga pasangan yang tidak mempunyai cahaya mata mengambil anak angkat daripada keluarga tempatan. Secara keseluruhannya, golongan tersebut merupakan antara penduduk terawal di kampung Melayu Belaga.
References
Anon. (1884). Rejang, Sarawak Gazette 14(224), 93-95, 1 September 1884.
Abdul Rashid Abdullah. (2000). Sihan Community, paper presented at Workshop Community Profiles of Ethnic Minorities, organized by Centre for Modern Management, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Alexander, J. (1989).Culture and ethnic identity: the case of the Lahanan of Ulu Belaga, Sarawak Museum Journal 40 (Special Issue No. 4, Part 1): 51-59.
Alexander, J. (1990). Lahanan social structure: some preliminary considerations, Sarawak Museum Journal 41 (62): 189-212.
Armstrong, R. (1991). People of the same heart: the social world of the Kenyah Badeng. Unpublished PhD thesis: Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney.
Arnold, G. (1956). Prehistory of Usun Apau, Sarawak Museum Journal 7(7): 116-181.
Arnold, G. (1959). Longhouse and jungle: an expedition to Sarawak. London: Chatto & Windus.
Bamfylde, C. A. (1888a). Rejang monthly report for February 1888, Sarawak Gazette 18(268): 67-68, 1 March 1888.
Bamfylde, C. A. (1888b). Rejang monthly report for March [and] April 1888, Sarawak Gazette 18(269): 74-76, June 1888.
Bamfylde, C. A. (1889a). Rejang monthly report for April and May 1889, Sarawak Gazette 19(282): 101-102, 1 July 1889.
Bamfylde, C. A. (1889b). Rejang monthly report for June 1889" Sarawak Gazette 19(286): 157-159, 1 November 1889.
Bamfylde, C. A. 1890 Rejang monthly report for January 1890, Sarawak Gazette 23(325): 28-29, 1 February 1890.
Bamfylde, C. A. (1892). Rejang monthly report for August 1892, Sarawak Gazette 22(323): 218-219, 1 December 1892.
Baring-Gould, J. (1909). Sibu. Sarawak Gazette 39(529): 157-159.
Brosius, J. P. (1986). River, forest and mountain: the Penan Geng landscape, Sarawak Museum Journal 36(57): 173-184.
Brosius, J. P. (1988). The Penan of Belaga District: considerations for development. [A report submitted to the State Planning Unit]. Kuching: State Planning Unit.
Brosius, J. P. (1990). Penan hunter-gatherers of Sarawak, East Malaysia, AnthroQuest 42: 1-7.
Brosius, J. P. (1992a). The axiological presence of death: Penan Geng death names. Unpublished PhD dissertation: Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, USA.
Brosius, J. P. (1992b). Perspectives in Penan development in Sarawak, Sarawak Gazette 119(1519): 5-22.
Chan, H. (2007). Survival in the rainforest: change and resilience among the Punan Vuhang of Sarawak, East Malaysia. Doctoral dissertation: University of Helsinki, Finland.
Chew, D. (1990). Chinese pioneers on the Sarawak frontier 1841-1941. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Clayre, I. (1971). The Kajang kingdom: all the Melanau peoples, where do they come from? Sarawak Gazette 97(1362): 120-122.
Clayre, I. (1972). Punan Ba': Melanau link with the ulu Rejang, Sarawak Gazette 98(1368): 23-25.
Crespigny, C. A. C. de. (1881a). Bintulu. Sarawak Gazette 119175): 40-41, 2 May 1881.
Crespigny, C. A. C. de (1881b). [Mukah] monthly report. Sarawak Gazette 11(178):65-66, 1 August 1881.
Crespigny, C. A. C. de (1881c). Visit to Belaga", October 7, 1881 Sarawak Gazette 11(180-Supplement): 4-7, 7 October 1881.
Crespigny, C. A. C. de. (1882). Journal from Mukah, Sarawak Gazette 12(188): 40-45), 1 June 1882.
Deshon, H.F. (1887). [Kapit] monthly report Sarawak Gazette 17(259): 123-124, 1 July 1887.
District Office, Belaga. (n.d.). Belaga Information Book. [Introduced by John C. B. Fisher, District Officer, Kapit, 14 January 1938, 141 pages].
Ellis, D. B. (1972). A study of the Punan Busang, Sarawak Museum Journal, 20(40-42): 235-299.
Gockel, G. (1974). The Long Pekun Sebop, In: Jérôme Rousseau,( ed.), The peoples of central Borneo Sarawak Museum Journal, Special Issue, 22(43): 325-328.
Gueritz, G. (1881a). Bintulu monthly report for March 1881" Sarawak Gazette 11(176): 48-49, 1 June 1881.
Gueritz, G. (1881b). Bintulu monthly report for April 1881, Sarawak Gazette 11(176): 49, 1 June 1881.
Gueritz, G. (1882). Bintulu, Sarawak Gazette 12(187), 1 May 1882.
Guerrerio, A. (1988). Cash crop and subsistence strategies: towards a comparison of Kayan and Lahanan economies, Sarawak Museum Journal 39(60):15-52.
Guerrerio, A. (1992). Some aspects of change among the Baluy Kayan, Sarawak Museum Journal 43(64): 47-105.
Heppel, M. (n.d.). The Bukut [Bhukat] of Long Ayak. Unpublished report submitted to the State Planning Unit, Sarawak.
Kato, Y. (2011). Change and resilience of a hunter-gatherer society in Sarawak, Malaysia: a case study of the Sihan (in Japanese). Ph.D. dissertation, Kyoto University, Japan.
Langub, J. (1975). Distribution of Penan and Punan in Belaga District, Borneo Research Bulletin 7(2): 45-48.
Langub, J. (1988). The Penan strategy (pages 207-208), In Julie Denslow and Christine Padoch (eds.), Peoples of the tropical rain forest. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Langub, J. (2004). Leadership among the Penan of Belaga District in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, in A. R. Walker (ed.). Leadership, Justice, and Politics at the grassroots, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography No. 12.
Langub, J. (2009). Notes on the Seping of Belaga Disrict, Sarawak, Borneo Research Bulletin 40: 147-172.
Langub, J. (2016). Fort Vyner and Hugh Brooke Low: The Establishment of an Administrative Centre and Bazaar at the Confluence of the Belaga and Balui Rivers' Sarawak Museum Journal 75(97): 121-155.
Langub, J. & N. Ishikawa. (2017). Community, river and basin: watersheds in northern Sarawak as a social link, In V. T. King et al, (eds.), Borneo studies in history, society and culture. Singapore: Springer Science + Business Media.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0672-2_17
Leach, E.R. (1950). Social science research in Sarawak: a report on the possibilities of a social economic survey of Sarawak presented to the Colonial Social Science Research Council. London: HMSO for the Colonial Office.
Low, H.B. (1882a). Journal of a trip up the Rejang, Sarawak Gazette 12(198): 52-54, 1 July 1882.
Low, H.B. (1882b). Journal of a trip up the Rejang, Sarawak Gazette 12(199): 62-65, 1 August 1882.
Low, H.B. (1882c). Journal of a trip up the Rejang, Sarawak Gazette 12(200): 72-73, 1 September 1882.
Low, H.B. (1882d). Journal of a trip up the Rejang, Sarawak Gazette 12(201): 81-83, 2 October 1882.
Low, H.B. (1882e). Journal of a trip up the Rejang" Sarawak Gazette 12(202): 93-96. 1 November 1882.
Low, H.B. (1884a). Mr. Low's November [1883] diary, Sarawak Gazette 14(219): 30-33, 1 April 1884.
Low, H.B. (1884b). Rejang public buildings constructed in Rejang in 18883, Sarawak Gazette 14(220): 39-40, 1 May 1884.
Low, H.B. (1884c). Mr. Low's December [1883] diary, Sarawak Gazette 14(220): 41-44, 1 May 1884.
Low, H.B. (1884d). Mr. Low's January [1884] diary, Sarawak Gazette 14(221): 51-55, 2 June 1884.
Low, H.B. (1884e). Mr. Low's February [1884] diary, Sarawak Gazette 14(222): 71-74, 1 July 1884.
Martinoir, B. de. (1974). Notes on the Kajang, In: Jérôme Rousseau, ed., The peoples of central Borneo, (ed.), Sarawak Museum Journal, Special Issue 22(43): 267-273.
Maxwell, A.R. (1990). Balui reconnaissance: The Badeng Kenyah of Long Gang, Sarawak Museum Journal 41(62): 21-113.
Maxwell, A.R. (1993). Balui reconnaissance: the Sihan of Menamang River, Sarawak Museum Journal 43(64): 1-45.
Maxwell, A.R. (1999). Balui reconnaissance: Notes on the oral history of the Belaga Malay community and early Belaga, Sarawak Museum Journal 54(75): 143-181.
Metcalf, P. (1976). Who are the Berawan? ethnic classification and the distribution of secondary treatment of the dead in central Borneo, Oceania 47: 85-105.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1976.tb01274.x
Metcalf, P. (2002). They lie, we lie: getting on with anthropology. London: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203116692
Metcalf, P. (2010). The life of the longhouse: an archaeology of ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511657467
Needham, R. (1953). The social organization of the Penan: a Southeast Asia people. DPhil. Thesis: Oxford University.
Needham, R. (1954). Penan and Punan, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, (27(1): 173-183.
Needham, R. (1965). Death-names and solidarity in Penan society, Bijdragen tor de Taal- en Volkenkunde 12(1): 58-76.
https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90002969
Nicolaisen, I. (1976). Form and function of Punan Bah ethno-historical tradition, Saraak Museum Journal 24(45): 63-95.
Nicolaisen, I. (1977/78). The dynamics of ethnic classification: a case study of the Punan Bah in Sarawak, Folk 19-20.
Nicolaisen, I. (1983). Change without development: the transformation of Punan Bah economy, Sarawak Museum Journal 32(53): 191-230.
Nicolaisen, I. (1984). Heritage, identity and cultural policy: the case of Sarawakian burial post, Sarawak Gazette 110(1484)): 3-5.
Nicolaisen, I. (1986). Pride and progress: Kajang response to economic change, Sarawak Museum Journal 36(57): 75-116.
Nicolaisen, I. (1997). Timber, culture and ethnicity: the politicization of ethnic identity, In Robert Winzeler (ed.), Indigenous peoples and the state: politics, land and ethnicity in the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo. New Haven, Connecticut: Monograph 46/Yale Southeast Asia Studies.
Nicolaisen, J.(1976a). The Penan of Sarawak: further notes on the neo-evolutionary concept of hinters, Folk 18:205-236.
Nicolaisen, J. (1976b). The Penan of the Seventh Division of Sarawak: past, present, future, Sarawak Museum Journal 24(45): 35-61.
Nicolaisen, J. (1978). Penan death-names, Sarawak Museum Journal 25(47): 29-41.
Owen, D.A. (1909). Sibu, Sarawak Gazette, 1 April 1909.
Pejabat Daerah Belaga. (2016). Profail Daerah Belaga 2016 [Belaga District Profile]. Mimeograph.
Reece, B. (n.d.). The origins of the Sarawak Abang. Mimeograph.
Rousseau, J. (1974a). The social organization of the Baluy Kayan. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge.
Rousseau, J. (1974b). The Baluy area, In: Jérôme Rousseau, ed., The peoples of central Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue 22(43): 17-27.
Rousseau, J. (1975). Ethnic identity and social relations in central Borneo, In J. A. Nagata, (ed.), Pluralism in Malaysia: Myth and Reality: A Symposium on Singapore and Malaysia, 32-49. Leiden: Brill.
Rousseau, J. (1990). Central Borneo: ethnic identity and social life in a stratified society. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Rousseau, J. (1998). Kayan religion: ritual life and religious reform in central Borneo. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Roy, V. (1993). The migration of Kenyah Badeng [Edited with an Introduction by Tan Chee Beng]. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya.
St. John, S. (1986). [1862] Life in the forest of the Far East: travels in Sabah and Sarawak in the 1860s. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Sandin, B. (1983). Notes on the Sian [Sihan] of Belaga" Sarawak Museum Journal 34(55): 67-76.
Seling S. (1974). The flight from the Usun Apau to the headwaters of Tinjar, In Jérôme Rousseau, (ed.), The peoples of central Borneo, Sarawak Museum Journal, Special Issue, 22(43): 331-348.
Strickland, S. (1986). Long term development of Kejaman subsistence: an ecological study, Sarawak Museum Journal 36(57): 117-171.
Strickland, S.(1988). Preliminary notes on a Kejaman-Sekapan oral narrative form, Sarawak Gazette 39(60): 67-75.
Strickland, S. (1989). Kejaman adaptive strategiesin the context of development efforts, Sarawak Museum Journal 40(61) (Part III): 251-270.
Strickland, S. (1995). Materials for the study of Kejaman-Sekapan oral tradition. Sarawak Museum Journal 49(70) (Parts I & II): 1-637.
Tan Chee Beng. (1993). Introduction: Badeng migration and ethnogenesis, pages xiii-lii, In Vom Roy, The migration of the Kenyah Badeng (edited with an introduction by Tan Chee Beng). Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya.
Thambiah, S. (1995). Culture and adaptation: change among the Bhuket of Sarawak. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Hull, U.K.
Strickland, S. (1951). Some notes on jungle Punan in Kapit district, Sarawak Gazette 5(13): 495-533.
Strickland, S.(1959). Nomadic Punans and Penans, In: Tom Harrisson ed. The peoples of Sarawak. Kuching: Sarawak Museum.
Yao S. (1987). Chinese traders in Belaga town, Sarawak, East Malaysia: geography, indebtedness and appropriation. A final report presented to the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. Mimeograph.
-
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
