A Retrospective Study On Liver Function Tests & Urine Protein in Presumptive Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Cases Performed in A Local Private Laboratory Service
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/tur.5118.2022Keywords:
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, aspartate-aminotransferase, alanine-aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, urine protein, liver function test, renal function testAbstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) could be diagnosed either by imaging or histology, and laboratory parameters from RFT such as AST, ALT, GGT, as well as UP. In this study, data were collected from Advanced Pathology Sdn. Bhd. The data collected from random population in the year of 2020 were used to identify the association between the parameters of AST, ALT, GGT and UP in presumed NAFLD patients, which are being compared by age, and gender. The results show that the level of GGT was having an insignificant association between gender (p >0.05), but there is a statistically significant association between the age group of respondents (p <0.05). In addition, results from AST indicated that the gender of respondents has a significant relationship with AST (p <0.05), however insignificant correlation between the age group (p >0.05). While for ALT, it proved an insignificant correlation between the gender of respondents (p >0.05), but significant correlated with the age of respondents (p <0.05). Lastly, Chi-square test independence gave a result of p-value = 0.137 (p >0.05), which proved insignificant correlation between gender of respondents and presence of UP andp-value = 0.261 (p >0.05), which proved insignificant correlation between age of respondents and presence of UP.
(Chi-square test, p-value <0.05).
References
Arshad, T., Golabi, P., Paik, J., Mishra, A., & Younossi, Z. M. (2018). Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Female Population. Hepatology communications, 3(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1285
Chalasani, N., Younossi, Z., Lavine, J. E., Charlton, M., Cusi, K., Rinella, M., Harrison, S. A., Brunt, E. M., & Sanyal, A. J. (2018). The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 67(1), 328–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29367
Chalasani, N., Younossi, Z., Lavine, J. E., Diehl, A. M., Brunt, E. M., Cusi, K., Charlton, M., & Sanyal, A. J. (2012). The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 55(6), 2005–2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.25762
Cobbina, E., Akhlaghi, F. (2017). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - pathogenesis, classification, and effect on drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Drug metabolism reviews, 49(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2017.1293683
Cohen, J. C., Horton, J. D., & Hobbs, H. H. (2011). Human fatty liver disease: old questions and new insights. Science (New York, N.Y.), 332(6037), 1519–1523. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204265
Dietrich, P., & Hellerbrand, C. (2014). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology, 28(4), 637–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.008
Fan, R., Wang, J., Du, J. (2018). Association between body mass index and fatty liver risk: A dose-response analysis. Scientific reports 8. 15273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33419-6
Giannini, E. G., Testa, R., & Savarino, V. (2005). Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. Canadian medical association journal, 172(3), 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1040752
Gutierrez-Grobe, Y., Ponciano-Rodríguez, G., Ramos, M. H., Uribe, M., & Méndez-Sánchez, N. (2010). Prevalence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in premenopausal, posmenopausal and polycystic ovary syndrome women. The role of estrogens. Annals of hepatology, 9(4), 402–409.
Hashimoto, E., Taniai, M., & Tokushige, K. (2013). Characteristics and diagnosis of NAFLD/NASH. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 28 Suppl 4, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12271
Hu, X. Y., Li, Y., Li, L. Q., Zheng, Y., Lv, J. H., Huang, S. C., Zhang, W., Liu, L., Zhao, L., Liu, Z., & Zhao, X. J. (2018). Risk factors and biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an observational cross-sectional population survey. BMJ open, 8(4), e019974. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019974
Lin, I. T., Lee, M. Y., Wang, C. W., Wu, D. W., & Chen, S. C. (2021). Gender Differences in the Relationships among Metabolic Syndrome and Various Obesity-Related Indices with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Taiwanese Population. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(3), 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030857
Ma, X., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Dong, M., Wang, Y., Wang, M., Xin, Y. (2020). Proportion of NAFLD patients with normal ALT value in overall NAFLD patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC gastroenterology, 20(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-020-1165-z
Mehlig, K., Schult, A., Björkelund, C., Thelle, D., & Lissner, L. (2021). Associations between alcohol and liver enzymes are modified by coffee, cigarettes, and overweight in a Swedish female population. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 57(3), 319–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2021.2009557
Mitra, S., De, A., & Chowdhury, A. (2020). Epidemiology of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Translational gastroenterology and hepatology, 5, 16. https://doi.org/10.21037/tgh.2019.09.08
Nobili, V., Mantovani, A., Cianfarani, S., Alisi, A., Mosca, A., Sartorelli, M. R., Maffeis, C., Loomba, R., Byrne, C. D., Targher, G. (2019). Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in children and adolescents with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of hepatology, 71(4), 802–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.023
Parameswaran, M., Hasan, H. A., Sadeque, J., Jhaveri, S., Avanthika, C., Arisoyin, A. E., Dhanani, M. B., & Rath, S. M. (2021). Factors That Predict the Progression of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Cureus, 13(12), e20776. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.20776
Paschos, P., & Paletas, K. (2009). Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hippokratia- quarterly medical journal, 13(1), 9–19.
Ruhl, C. E., & Everhart, J. E. (2003). Determinants of the association of overweight with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. American Gastroenterological Association, 124(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2003.50004
Singh, S., Allen, A. M., Wang, Z., Prokop, L. J., Murad, M. H., & Loomba, R. (2015). Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 13(4), 643–e40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.014
Schuppan, D., & Afdhal, N. H. (2008). Liver cirrhosis. Lancet (London, England), 371(9615), 838–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60383-9
Sun, K., Lin, D., Li, F., Qi, Y., Feng, W., Yan, L., Chen, C., Ren, M., & Liu, D. (2018). Fatty liver index, albuminuria and the association with chronic kidney disease: a population-based study in China. BMJ open, 8(1), e019097. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019097
Tahan, V., Canbakan, B., Balci, H., Dane, F., Akin, H., Can, G., Hatemi, I., Olgac, V., Sonsuz, A., Ozbay, G., Yurdakul, I., & Senturk, H. (2008). Serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase distinguishes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease at high risk. Hepato-gastroenterology, 55(85), 1433–1438.
Ulasoglu, C., Enc, F. Y., Kaya, E., Yilmaz, Y. (2019). Characterization of patients with biopsy-proven Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and normal Aminotransferase Levels. Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases: JGLD, 28(4), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.15403/jgld-293
Wong, T., Wong, R. J., Gish, R. G. (2019). Diagnostic and Treatment Implications of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 15(2), 83–89.
Zhang, M., Lin, S., Wang, M. F., Huang, J. F., Liu, S. Y., Wu, S. M., Zhang, H. Y., Wu, Z. M., Liu, W. Y., Zhang, D. C., Hao, C. M., Zhu, Y. Y., Zheng, M. H., & Wang, X. Z. (2020). Association between NAFLD and risk of prevalent chronic kidney disease: why there is a difference between east and west?. BMC gastroenterology, 20(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-020-01278-z
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
