Utilisation of Fermented Wheat Bran Extract Medium as A Potential Low-cost Culture Medium for Chlorella ellipsoidea

Authors

  • TASLIMA AKTER Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University
  • MD. MAHADI HASAN Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur - 1706, Bangladesh
  • MOUSUMI DAS Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur - 1706, Bangladesh
  • MD. NURUNNABI MONDAL Department of Fisheries Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur RahmanAgricultural University, Gazipur - 1706, Bangladesh
  • SAHADAT HOSSAIN Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur - 1706, Bangladesh
  • MOHAMMAD BODRUL MUNIR Aquatic Resource Science & Management Programme Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 94300 Kota Samarahan Sarawak, Malaysia.
  • MD. AMZAD HOSSAIN Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur - 1706, Bangladesh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4695.2022

Keywords:

Chlorella ellipsoidea, culture medium, low-cost production, microalgae, wheat bran extract

Abstract

Microalgae, Chlorella ellipsoidea is an excellent energy source for food and biofuel production. Nevertheless, the production cost of C. ellipsoidea using Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) is expensive, which led to the exploration of alternative low-cost medium for large-scale production. Low-cost fermented wheat bran extract medium (FWBEM), which has good nutritional properties, might be an alternative feedstock for mass production of C. ellipsoidea. The present study was conducted to evaluate the growth and production of C. ellipsoidea using different concentrations of FWBEM. Wheat bran was fermented at the concentration of 8.33, 6.66, and 5.00 g/L water labelled as T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The BBM was used as the control medium (T1). The growth and production of C. ellipsoidea were monitored for three days in terms of cell dry weight, specific growth rate, optical cell density, chlorophyll a content, and cell numbers. Those growth data revealed that C. ellipsoidea cultured at 6.66 g/L (T3) did not vary significantly with the standard inorganic BBM. However, T2 and T4 showed substantially lower cell growth and chlorophyll a content than control and T3. Compared to the BBM, a significant reduction in production cost was obtained in the FWBEM. Based on the cell biomass growth, pigmentation, and production cost,  FWBEM at a 6.66 g/L could be used as an alternative medium. Therefore, FWBEM has excellent potential to be used for the low-cost production of C. ellipsoidea.

References

Abdel-Aal, E.S.M. & Hucl, P. (2002). Amino acid composition and in vitro protein digestibility of selected ancient wheats and their end products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 15(6): 737-747.

https://doi.org/10.1006/jfca.2002.1094

APHA (American Public Health Association) (1981). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. pp. 1134.

Apprich, S., Tirpanalan, O., Hell, J., Reisinger, M., Böhmdorfer, S., Siebenhandl-Ehn, S., Novalin, S. & Kneifel, W. (2014). Wheat bran-based biorefinery 2: valorization of products. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 56(2): 222-231.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.003

Akter, T., Haque, M.I., Das, M. & Hossain, M.A. (2019). Growth performance analysis of Spirulina platensis production by substituting K2SO4-K of kosaric medium with MOP-K. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 48(3): 529-535.

https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v48i3.47914

Anson, N.M., Hemery, Y.M., Bast, A. & Haenen, G.R.M.M. (2012). Optimizing the bioactive potential of wheat bran by processing. Food and Function, 3(4): 362-75.

https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fo10241b

Ashrafuzzaman, M.D. (2006). Culture and growth performance of Chlorella vulgaris in different urban waste effluents. (Master thesis), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh.

Bai, S.C., Koo, J.W., Kim, K.W. & Kim, S.K. (2001). Effects of Chlorella powder as a feed additive on growth performance in juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf). Aquaculture Research, 32: 92-98.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00008.x

Cardoso, L.G., Duarte, J.H., Costa, J.A.V., Assis, D.J., Lemos, P.V.F., Druzian, J.I. & Chinalia, F.A. (2021). Spirulina sp. as a bioremediation agent for aquaculture wastewater: production of high added value compounds and estimation of theoretical biodiesel. BioEnergy Research, 14(1): 254-264.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10153-4

Clesceri, L.S., Greenbergand, A.E. & Trussel, R.R. (1989). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Seventeenth Edition). American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Works Pollution Control Federation, 1915, Washington DC, USA.

Chew, K.W., Yap, J.Y., Show, P.L., Suan, N.H., Juan, J.C., Ling, T.C. & Chang, J.S. (2017). Microalgae biorefinery: high value products perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 229: 53-62.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.006

Connon, R. (2007). Culturing of Chlorella vulgaris standard operating procedure, SOP on how to prepare Bold's Basal Medium (BBM). Daphnia Research group. University of Reading, United Kingdom.

De Brier, N., Hemdane, S., Dornez, E., Gomand, S.V., Delcour, J.A. & Courtin, C.M. (2015). Structure, chemical composition and enzymatic activities of pearlings and bran obtained from pearled wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by roller milling. Journal of Cereal Science, 62: 66-72.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.12.009

De Silva, A.Z., sheriff, M., Banerjee, S. & Yusoff, F.M. (2018). Growth and quality enhancement of Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck (Beijerinck) 1890 using simple cost-effective medium. Asian Fisheries Science, 31(1): 61-72.

https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2018.31.1.005

Fatemeh, L. & Mohsen, D. (2016). Effects of environmental factors on the growth, optical density and biomass of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris in outdoor conditions. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 20(1): 133-139.

https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i1.16

Feng, P., Deng, Z., Hu, Z. & Fan, L. (2011). Lipid accumulation and growth of Chlorella zofingiensis in flat plate photobioreactors outdoors. Bioresource Technology, 102(22): 10577-10584.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.109

Grobbelaar, J.U. (2004). Algal nutrition: mineral nutrition. In Richmond, A. (Ed.) Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Oxford: Blackwell publication, London, United Kingdom. Pp. 97-115.

Görs, M., Schumann, R., Hepperle, D. & Karsten, U. (2010). Quality analysis of commercial Chlorella products used as dietary supplement in human nutrition. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22(3): 265-276.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-009-9455-4

Habib, M.A. (1998). Culture of selected microalgae in rubber and palm oil mill effluents and their use in the production of enriched Rotifers. (Ph. D thesis). Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.

Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Ravi Kumar, R., Ganesan, V. & Anbazhagan, C. (2011). Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27(8): 1737-1746.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-010-0632-z

Illman, A.M., Scragg, A.H. & Shales, S.W. (2000). Increase in Chlorella strains calorific values when grown in low nitrogen medium. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 27(8): 631-635.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00266-0

James, C.M., Al‐Khars, A.M. & Chorbani, P. (1988). pH dependent growth of Chlorella in a continuous culture system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 19(2): 27-35.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1988.tb01042.x

Jusoh, M., Kasan, N.A., Hashim, F.S., Haris, N., Zakaria, M.F., Mohamed, N.N., Rasdi, N.W., Abd, W.M.E., Katayama, T. & Takahashi, K. (2020). Isolation of freshwater and marine indigenous microalgae species from Terengganu water bodies for potential uses as live feeds in aquaculture industry. International Aquatic Research, 12(1): 74-83. DOI:10.22034/iar(20). 2020.671730.

Katina, K., Juvonen, R., Laitila, A., Flander, L., Nordlund, E., Kariluoto, S., Vieno, P. & Poutanen, K. (2012). Fermented wheat bran as a functional ingredient in baking. Cereal Chemistry, 89(2): 126-134.

https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-08-11-0106

Khan, S., Arakawa, O. & Onoue, Y. (1996). Neurotoxin production by a chloromonad Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27(3): 254-263.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00607.x

Khan, M.I., Shin, J.H. & Kim, J.D. (2018). The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Microbial Cell Factories, 17(1): 1-21.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-0879-x

Khatoon, H., Haris, H., Rahman, N.A., Zakaria, M.N., Begum, H. & Mian, S. (2018). Growth, proximate composition and pigment production of Tetraselmis chuii cultured with aquaculture wastewater. Journal of Ocean University of China, 17(3): 641-646.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3428-7

Kim, K.W., Bai, S.C., Koo, J.W., Wang, X. & Kim, S.K. (2002). Effects of dietary Chlorella ellipsoidea supplementation on growth, blood characteristics, and whole‐body composition in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(4): 425-431.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00021.x

Kumar, M.S., Miao, Z.H. & Wyatt, S.K. (2010). Influence of nutrient loads, feeding frequency and inoculum source on growth of Chlorella vulgaris in digested piggery effluent culture medium. Bioresource Technology, 101(15): 6012-6018.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.080

Kumaran, K., Lam, M.K., Tan, X.B., Uemura, Y., Lim, J.W., Khoo, C.G. & Lee, K.T. (2016). Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using plant-based and animal waste-based compost: a comparison study. Procedia Engineering, 148: 679-686.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.551

Machado, A., Pereira, H., Costa, M., Santos, T., Carvalho, B., Soares, M., Quelhas, P. & Silva, J. (2020). Development of an organic culture medium for autotrophic production of Chlorella vulgaris biomass. Applied Sciences, 10(6), 2156.

https://doi.org/10.3390/app10062156

Mayo, A.W. (1997). Effects of temperature and pH on the kinetic growth of unialga Chlorella vulgaris cultures containing bacteria. Water Environment Research, 69(1): 64-72.

https://doi.org/10.2175/106143097X125191

Mohshina, M.M., Shahjahan, M., Chowdhury, P. & Rahman, M.S. (2017). Culture of Chlorella ellipsoidea in different culture media. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology, 7(1): 51-57.

https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v7i1.33322

Mondal, B., Rahman, M.R., Alam, M.J., Tarafder, A.R., Habib, M.A.A. & Khaleque, M.A. (2005). A study on the culture of Chlorella ellipsoidea in various concentrations of unripe tomato juice media. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8(6): 823-828.

https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2005.823.828

Munoz, R. & Guieysse, B. (2006). Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: a review. Water Research, 40(15): 2799-2815.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.011

Pavithra, K.G., Kumar, P.S., Jaikumar, V., Vardhan, K.H. & SundarRajan, P. (2020). Microalgae for biofuel production and removal of heavy metals: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18(6): 1905-1923.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01046-1

Posadas, E., Alcántara, C., García-Encina, P.A., Gouveia, L., Guieysse, B., Norvill, Z., Acién, F.G., Markou, G., Congestri, R., Koreiviene, J. & Muñoz, R. (2017). Microalgae cultivation in wastewater. In Gonzalez-Fernandez, C. and Munoz, R. (Eds). Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts (pp. 67-91). Woodhead Publishing.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101023-5.00003-0

Prueckler, M., Siebenhandl-Ehn, S., Apprich, S., Hoeltinger, S., Haas, C., Schmid, E. & Kneifel, W. (2014). Wheat bran-based biorefinery 1: composition of wheat bran and strategies of functionalization. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 56(2): 211-221.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.004

Pruska-Kedzior, A., Kedzior, Z. & Klockiewicz-Kaminska, E. (2008). Comparison of viscoelastic properties of gluten from spelt and common wheat. European Food Research and Technology, 227(1): 199-207.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-007-0710-0

Rahman, M.S., Hossain, M.A., Fatema, S. & Hossain, M.A. (2005). Culture of green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea in inexpensive media. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Resources. 9(2): 185-190.

Rizal, M.A, Yeasmin, M.F, Hossain, M.A, Akter, T. & Rahman, M.M (2017). Replacement of sodium nitrate in Kosaric medium with urea for culture of Spirulina platensis. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 5(3): 403-408.

Roy, S.S. & Pal, R. (2015). Microalgae in aquaculture: a review with special references to nutritional value and fish dietetics. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 68: 1-8.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-013-0089-9

Scragg, A.H., Illman, A.M., Carden, A. & Shales, S.W. (2002). Growth of microalgae with increased calorific values in a tubular bioreactor. Biomass and Bioenergy, 23(1): 67-73.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00028-4

Shibata, S., Natori, Y., Ishihara N.T, Tomisaka, K., Matsumoto, K., Sansawa, H. & Nguyen, V.C. (2003). Antioxidant and anti-cataract effects of Chlorella on rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes. Journal of Nutrition Science and Vitaminology, 49(5): 334-339.

https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.49.334

Singh, S., Gamlath, S. & Wakeling, L. (2007). Nutritional aspects of food extrusion: a review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 42(8): 916-929.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01309.x

Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E. & Isambert, A. (2006). Commercial applications of microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101(2): 87-96.

https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.87

Sun, X., Cao, Y., Xu, H., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Qiao, D., & Cao, Y. (2014). Effect of nitrogen-starvation, light intensity and iron on triacylglyceride/carbohydrate production and fatty acid profile of Neochloris oleoabundans HK-129 by a two-stage process. Bioresource Technology, 155: 204-212.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.109

Toyub, M.A., Ahmed, S.R., Miah, M.I. & Habib, M.A.B. (2007). Growth performance and nutritional value of Chlorella ellipsoidea in fertilizer factory effluent media. Asian Fisheries Science, 20(1/2): 65-79.

https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs

Downloads

Published

2022-12-31

How to Cite

TASLIMA AKTER, MD. MAHADI HASAN, MOUSUMI DAS, MD. NURUNNABI MONDAL, SAHADAT HOSSAIN, MOHAMMAD BODRUL MUNIR, & MD. AMZAD HOSSAIN. (2022). Utilisation of Fermented Wheat Bran Extract Medium as A Potential Low-cost Culture Medium for Chlorella ellipsoidea. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 12(2), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4695.2022

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 2 (2022): Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology

Section

General

License

Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal

1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.

2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.

3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.

4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.

5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.

6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.