Molecular Phylogeny of Sarawak Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) inferred by the D-loop region and 16S rRNA gene.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.269.2012Keywords:
Chelonia mydas, D-loop, 16S rRNA, Satang Besar Island, Talang-Talang Island, Sarawak Green Sea TurtleAbstract
This study aimed to sequence the D-loop region and 16S rRNA gene of Chelonia mydas in order to determine the relationships between 15 individuals of green sea turtles nesting in two separate islands of Sarawak, namely the Satang Besar Island and the Talang-Talang Island. A total of 15 D-loop region sequences of 360 bp and nine 16S rRNA gene sequences of 550 bp were obtained in this study. Results based on these two genes showed that there are some genetic variations between samples collected from both islands. Pairwise distance analysis revealed between zero to 6% genetic divergence using information on D-loop region and zero to 1.8% genetic divergence using 16S rRNA gene between individuals. The phylogenetic trees constructed using D-loop information revealed the presence of two clades in which clade A comprises of mixtures of individuals from both islands whereas clade B only showed individuals from Talang-Talang Island. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene data set, only one clade was observed. More samples is needed in the future to clarify whether natal homing, chance-encounter or social facilitation hypothesis is more suited to Sarawak green turtle rookeries.References
Bradley, R.D. & Baker, R.J. (2001). A Test of the Genetic Species Concept: Cytochrome-b Sequences and Mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 82(4): 960-973.
https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0960:ATOTGS>2.0.CO;2
Bowen, B.W. & Avise, J.C. (1995). Conservation genetics of marine turtles. In J.C. Avise and J.L. Hamrick, Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature. New York: Chapman and Hall.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2504-9_7
Bowen, B.W. & Karl, S.A. (2007). Population genetics and phylogeography of sea turtles. Molecular Ecology, 16, 4886-4907.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03542.x
Bowen, B.W., Meylan, A.B., Ross, J.P., Limpus, C.J., Balasz, G.H. & Avise, J.C. (1992). Global population structure and natural history of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in terms of matriarchal phylogeny. Evolution, 46(4): 865-881.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb00605.x
Carr, A. (1967). So Excellent a Fisher: A Natural History of Sea Turtles. Scribner, New York.
Carr, A., Carr, M.H. & Meylan, A.B. (1978). The Ecology and Migration Of Sea Turtles,7. The West Carribean Green Turtle Colony. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 162: 1-46.
Carr, A. (1986). Rips, FADS, and little loggerheads. BioScience, 36(2): 92-100.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1310109
Chan, E.H. (2006). Marine turtles in Malaysia: On the verge of extinction? Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 9: 175-184.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980600701559
Chassin-Noria, O., Abreu-Grobois, A., Dutton, P.H. & Oyama, K. (2004). Conservation genetics of the east Pacific green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in Michoacan, Mexico. Genetica, 121: 195-206.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GENE.0000040394.47843.e4
Doyle, J. J., and J. L. Doyle. (1987). A Rapid DNA Isolation Procedure for Small Quantities of Fresh Tissue. Phytochemistry Bulletin 19: 11-15.
Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies : An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39: 783-791.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
Formia, A., Godley, B.J., Dontaine, J.F. & Bruford, M.W. (2006). Mitochondrial DNA diversity and phylogeography of endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations in Africa. Conservation Genetics, 7:353-369.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-005-9047-z
Hendrickson, J.R. (1958). The green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linn.) in Malaya and Sarawak. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 130: 455-535.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00583.x
Hillis, D.M., Moritz, C. & Mable, B.K. (1996). Molecular Systematics, Second Edition. U.S.A.: Sinauer Associates Inc.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1447682
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F.R.. (2001). MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 17:754-755.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
Kaska, Y. (2000). Genetic Structure of Mediterranean Sea Turtle Populations. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24: 191-197.
Khan, H.A., Arif, I.A., Bahkali, A.H., Al Farhan, A.H. & Al Homaidan, A.A. (2008). Bayesian, Maximum Parsimony and UPGMA Models for Inferring the Phylogenies of Antelopes using Mitochondrial Markers. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:263-270.
https://doi.org/10.4137/EBO.S934
Kimura, M. (1980). Kimura's two-parameter model of Models of DNA Evolution. In: Felsenstein, J. (2004). Inferring Phylogenies. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Mrosovsky, N. (1976). IUCN/SSC: Marine Turtle Newsletter. No.1. August 1976.
Naro-Maciel, E., Becker, J.H., Lima, E.H.S.M., Marcovaldi, M.A. & DeSalle, R. (2006). Testing dispersal hypotheses in foraging green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Brazil Journal of Heredity.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esl050
Norman, J. A., Moritz,C. & Limpus, C. J. (1994). Mitochondrial DNA control region polymorphisms: genetic markers for ecological studies of marine turtles. Molecular Ecology 3:363-373.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00076.x
Page, R. D. M & Holmes, E.C., (1998). Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach (1st ed.). Blackwell Science Ltd..
Palumbi, S.R. (1996). Nucleic Acids II: the polymerase chain reaction. In: Hillis D.M., Moritz, C., Mable B.K., (Eds.), Molecular Systematics. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer, pp. 205-247.
Posada, D. (2008). jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging molecular biology and evolution. Molecular Biology Evolution, 25:1253-1256.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn083
Sarawak Forestry Department and Wildlife Conservation Society (1996). A Master Plan For Wildlife in Sarawak.
Seminoff, J.A. (2004). Chelonia mydas. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S., (2007). MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) Software Version 4.0.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm092
Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G., (1997). The ClustalX Windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tool. Nucleic Acids Research, 24: 4876-4882.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876
Troeng, S., Evans, D.R., Harrison, E & Lagueux, C.J. (2005). Migration of green turtles Chelonia mydas from Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Marine Biology, 148: 435-447.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0076-4
Zulkifli, T., Ahmad, A. & Ku Kassim, K.Y. (2003). Managing Sea Turtles in Southeast Asia: Hatcheries and Tagging Activities. FISH for the PEOPLE. 1(3):27-33.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.