Study of Blue-Green Algae and Assessment of the Microcystin in Shrimp Aquaculture Farms in Sarawak

Authors

  • LIM MUI HUA
  • KU KASSIM KU YAACOB

Abstract

Blue-green algae blooms can cause severe water quality deterioration including scum formation and toxin production. A total of 17 shrimp farms in Sarawak were assessed from February to July 2018 for the abundance of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and the levels of microcystin in the tissue of shrimps using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was a high cell count of Microcystis sp. at 6.77 x 108 cells/ L in Muara Tebas, Anabaena sp. at 4.99 x 107 cells / L in Telaga Air and Pseudanabaena sp. at 1.69 x 108 cells/ L in Kuala Baram. Microcystin was detected in most of the shrimp samples collected from the 17 farms in Sarawak throughout the study. The highest level of microcystin was 0.448 ppb, which was detected in Selabat whereas a value below 0.15 ppb was detected in Bandar Baru Semariang, Santubong and Oya. This study demonstrated that microcystin was detected in aquaculture samples collected from shrimp farms in Sarawak. It is, therefore, necessary to further conduct an investigation on blue-green algae in shrimp farms and methods to control their growth.

References

Anderson, D.M., Galloway, S.B. & Joseph, J.D. (1993). Marine Biotoxins and Harmful Algae: A National Plan. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Technical Report WHOI-93-02.

https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/614

Backer, L., Landsberg, J., Miller, M., Keel, K., & Taylor, T. (2013). Canine cyanotoxin poisonings in the United States (1920s-2012): Review of suspected and confirmed cases from three data sources. Toxins, 5(9): 1597-1628.

https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5091597

Beck, C., Knoop, H., Axmann, I. M. & Steuer, R. (2012). The diversity of cyanobacterial metabolism: Genome analysis of multiple phototrophic microorganisms. BMC Genomics, 13(56): 1-17.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-56

Boyd, C.E. (1998). Water Quality for Pond Aquaculture. Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.

Carmichael, W.W., Azevedo, S.M.F.O., An, J.S. & Molica, R.J.R. (2001). Human fatalities from cyanobacteria: chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109 (7): 663-668.

https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109663

Chen, Z., Sun, H., Xie, P., Wang, J., Zhang, G., Chen, N.,Yan, W. & Li, G. (2014). The role of apoptosis in MCLR-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Aquatic Toxicology, 149: 25-32.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.021

Chen, J., Xie, P., Li, L. & Xu, J. (2009). First identification of the hepatotoxic microcystins in the serum of a chronically exposed human population together with indication of hepatocellular damage. Toxicological Sciences, 108: 81-89.

https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp009

Chorus, E.I. & Bartram, J. (1999). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. E & FN Spon, London and New York.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203478073

Chorus, I., Niesel, V., Fastner, J., Wiedner, C., Nixdorf, B. & Lindenschmidt, K.E. (2001). Environmental factors and Microcystin levels in Waterbodies. In: Chorus, I. (Ed.), Cyanotoxins: Occurrence, Causes Consequences. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Pp. 159-177.

Dai, R., Liu, H., Qu, J., Ru, J. & Hou, Y. (2008). Cyanobacteria and their toxins in Guanting reservoir of Beijing, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(1-2): 470-477.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.078

DeFigueiredo, D.R., Azeiteiro, U.M., Esteves, S.M., Gonc, Alves, F.J. & Pereira, M.J. (2004). Microcystin-producing blooms - a serious global public health issue. Ecotoxicology and Environment Safety, 59: 151-163. Department of Fisheries Statistics (2017). Annual Publication of Fisheries Statistics from Department of Fisheries (DOF), published by DOF.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.04.006

Dokulil, M. T. & Teubner, K. (2000). Cyanobacterial dominance in lakes. Hydrobiologia, 438: 1-12.

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004155810302

Ernst, B., Hitzfeld, B.C. & Dietrich, D. (2001). Presence of Planktothrix sp. and cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Ammersee, Germany and their impact on white fish (Coregonuslavaretus L.). Environmental Toxicology, 16: 483-488.

https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.10006

Falconer, I.R. (2008). Health Effects Associated With Controlled Exposures to Cyanobacterial Toxins. In: Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of the Science and Research Needs. Springer New York. Pp. 607-612.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_27

Fujimoto, N., Sudo, R., Sugiura, N. & Inamori, Y. (1997). Nutrient‐limited growth of Microcystis Aeruginosa and Phormidium Tenue and competition under various N: P supply ratios and temperatures. Limnology and Oceanography, 42(2): 250-256.

https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.2.0250

Gobler, C.J., Davis, T.W., Coyne, K.J. & Boyer, G.L. (2007). Interactive influences of nutrient loading, zooplankton grazing, and microcystin synthetase gene expression on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in a eutrophic New York lake. Harmful Algae, 6: 119-133.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2006.08.003

Guzman-Guillen, R., Prietoa, A.I., Vazquez, C.M., Vasconcelos, V. & Camean, A.M.. (2013). The protective role of l-carnitine against cylindrospermopsin-induced oxidative stress in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquatic Toxicology, 132: 141- 150.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.02.011

Ibelings, B.W. & Chorus, I. (2007). Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater ''seafood'' and its consequences for public health: a review. Environmental Pollution, 150: 177-192

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.04.012

Jackson, P.E. (2000). Ion chromatography in environmental analysis. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. Pp. 2779-2801.

https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a0835

Janse, I., Kardinaal, W.E.A., Agterveld, M.K.V., Meima, M., Visser, P.M. & Zwart, G. (2005). Contrasting microcystin production and cyanobacterial population dynamics in two Planktothrix-dominated freshwater lakes. Environmental Microbiology, 7: 1514-1524.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00858.x

Kankaanpää, H.T., Holliday, J., Schröder, H., Goddard, T.J., von Fister, R. & Carmichael, W.W. (2005). Cyanobacteria and prawn farming in Northern New South Wales, Australia - A case study on cyanobacteria diversity and hepatotoxin bioaccumulation. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 203: 243-256.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2004.04.012

Kazuhiro, F., Naohiro, N., Satoshi, T., Takeshi, S., Tomoaki, I. & Yuhei, I. (2006). Highly sensitive real-time PCR assay for quantification of toxic cyanobacteria based on microcystin synthetase A gene. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 102: 90-96.

https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.102.90

Kumar, M., Kulshreshtha, J. & Singh, G.P. (2011). Growth and biopigment accumulation of cyanobacterium Spirulina Platensis at different light Intensities and temperature. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 42: 1128-1135.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822011000300034

Kurmayer, R., Christiansen, G. & Chorus, I. (2003). The abundance of microcystin producing genotypes correlates positively with colony size in Microcystis sp. and determines its microcystin net production in Lake Wannsee. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69: 787-795.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.2.787-795.2003

Landsberg, J.H. (2002). The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10(2): 113-390.

https://doi.org/10.1080/20026491051695

Lürling, M., Eshetu, F., Faassen, E. J., Kosten, S. & Huszar, V.L. (2012). Comparison of cyanobacterial and green algal growth rates at different temperatures. Freshwater Biology, 58: 552-559.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02866.x

Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standards, MWQS-DOE. (2019). A Guideline of the Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards and Index from Department of Environment (DOE). Published by DOE.

Mitsuhiro, Y., Takashi, Y., Yukari, T., Naohiko, H. & Shingo, H. (2007). Dynamics of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis populations is correlated with nitrate concentration in a Japanese lake. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 266: 49-53.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00496.x

Mohamad, R., Rafatullah, M., Yusof, T.N., Sim, Y.J., Ismail, N., & Lalüng, J. (2016). Detection of microcystin (mcyE) gene in recreational lakes in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. Current World Environment, 11(3): 690-699.

https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.11.3.02

Mosleh, M.A., Manssor, H., Malek, S., Milow, P. & Salleh, A. (2011). A preliminary study on automated freshwater algae recognition and classification system. BMC Bioinformatics, 13(17): S25.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-13-S17-S25

Nasarudin, M.H. & Ruhana, H. (2007). Preliminary study on cyanobacteria composition and selected water quality parameters from freshwater fish (Tor tambroides) ponds in Serian, Sarawak. In Proceedings of NREM & ESH. Pp. 249-258.

Nasarudin, M.H. & Ruhana, H. (2011). Blue-green algae and nutrient concentration in two Tor tambroides aquaculture ponds differing in construction. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 8: 51-61.

Paerl, H.W. & Huisman, J. (2009). Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 1: 27-37.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2008.00004.x

Pandey, G. (2013). Feed formulation and feeding technology for fishes. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 4(3): 23-30.

https://doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.04306

Peng, L., Liu, Y., Chen, W., Liu, L., Kent, M. & Song, L. (2010). Health risks associated with consumption of microcystin-contaminated fish and shellfish in three chinese lakes: significance for freshwater aquacultures. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 73(7): 1804-1811.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.043

Poste, A.E., Hecky, R.E. & Guildford, S.J. (2011). Evaluating microcystin exposure risk through fish consumption. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(13): 5806-5811.

https://doi.org/10.1021/es200285c

Qiao, Q., Liu, W., Wu, K., Song, T., Hu, J., Huang, X., Wen, J., Chen, L. & Zhang, X. (2013). Female zebrafish (Danio rerio) are more vulnerable than males to microcystin-LR exposure, without exhibiting estrogenic effects. Aquatic toxicology, 142: 272-282.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.002

Rinta-Kanto, J.M. & Wilhelm, S.W. (2006). Diversity of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in spatially isolated regions of Lake Erie. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72: 5083-5085.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00312-06

Rodgers, J.H. (2008). Algal Toxins in Pond Aquaculture. Stoneville, Mississippi: Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.

Sangolkar, L.N., Maske, S.S., Muthal, P.L., Kashyap, S.M., & Chakrabarti, T. (2009). Isolation and characterization of microcystin producing Microcystis from a Central Indian water bloom. Harmful algae, 8(5): 674-684.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.12.003

Schmidt, J.R., Shaskus, M., Estenik, J.F., Oesch, C., Khidekel, R. & Boyer, G.L. (2013). Variations in the microcystin content of different fish species collected from a eutrophic lake. Toxins. 5(5): 992-1009.

https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5050992

Sim, Y.J. (2015). Molecular detection of cyanobacterial toxin and control of cyanobacterial population using selected crop wastes. (Master Thesis) Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Sinang, S.C., Poh, K.B., Shamsudin, S. & Sinden (2015). A preliminary assessment of cyanobacteria diversity and toxic potential in ten freshwater lakes in Selangor, Malaysia. Bulletin Environmental Contamination of Toxicology, 95(4): 542-547.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1620-7

Singh, S., Srivastava, A., Oh, H.-M., Ahn, C.-Y., Choi, G.-G. & Asthana, R.K. (2012). Recent trends in development of biosensors for detection of microcystin. Toxicon. 60: 878-894.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.005

Sivonen, K. & Jones, G.J. (1999). Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. Spoon, London. Pp. 41-111.

Stone, D. & Bress, W. (2007). Addressing public health risks for cyanobacteria in recreational freshwaters: the Oregon and Vermont framework. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 3: 137-143.

https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.5630030112

Tucker, C.S. (2000). Off-flavor problems in aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science. 8(1): 45-88.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260091129170

Tucker, C.S., Hargreaves J.A. & Boyd, C.E. (2008). Best management practices for freshwater pond aquaculture. In: C. S. Tucker and J. A. Hargreaves, editors. Environmental Best Management Practices for Aquaculture. Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, USA. Pp. 151-226.

https://doi.org/10.1002/9780813818672

Vaitomaa, J., Rantala, A., Halinen, K., Rouhiaine, L., Tallberg, P., Mokelke, L. & Sivonen, K. (2003). Quantitative real-time PCR for determination of microcystin synthetase E copy numbers for Microcystis and Anabaena in lakes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69: 7289-7297.

https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.12.7289-7297.2003

Wnorowski, A.U. (1992). Tastes and odours in the aquatic environment: A review. Water SA, 18(3): 203-214.

Xu, Y., Wu, Z., Yu, B., Peng, X., Yu, G., Wei, Z., Wang, G. & Li, R. (2008). Non-microcystin producing Microcystis wesenbergii (Koma' rek) Koma' rek (cyanobacteria) representing a main waterbloom-forming species in Chinese waters. Environmental Pollution 156 (1), 162-167.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.027

Ye, W., Liu, X., Tan, J., Li, D., & Yang, H. (2009). Diversity and dynamics of microcystin-Producing cyanobacteria in China's third largest lake, Lake Taihu. Harmful Algae, 8(5): 637-644.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.10.010

You, L., Cui, L.F., Liu, Z.W., Yang, B. & Huan, G.Z.F. (2007). Correlation analysis of parameters in algal growth. Environmental Science and Technology. 30(9): 42-44.

Downloads

Published

2019-12-31

How to Cite

LIM MUI HUA, & KU KASSIM KU YAACOB. (2019). Study of Blue-Green Algae and Assessment of the Microcystin in Shrimp Aquaculture Farms in Sarawak. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 9(2), 72–81. Retrieved from https://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/BJRST/article/view/2013