Effect of Trichoderma sp. on Anthracnose Disease of Stored Chilli
Abstract
Chilli is commonly used as spice in Malaysian culinary, principal ingredients in paste (sambal) and as the raw material in sauce industry. Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum capsici is one of the major causes of economic loss to chilli production especially in Asia. Even a small lesion on chilli might affect the quality, thus the market value of the chilli. Disease symptoms caused by C. capsici include brown, circular and sunken lesion with concentric rings of black acervuli. Chemicals have been used to treat the chilli but they might cause environmental pollution, affect human health and lead to pathogen resistance to the chemicals. Therefore, an alternative method to chemical control is required. In this study, C. capsici was isolated from a naturally infected chilli fruit (Capsicum frutescens), and a species of Trichoderma was isolated from the rhizosphere of grasses. Pure cultures of both fungi were established then used in antagonism studies in in vitro and in vivo. Dual culture of pathogens and Trichoderma sp. indicated that Trichoderma sp. competed with C. capsici for space and nutrients, caused the loss of turgidity of the fungal hyphae, and reduced the fungal growth by producing volatile metabolites. Trichoderma sp. decreased disease severity on chilli artificially inoculated fruits up to 64% when Trichoderma mycelial plug was used and 55% when culture filtrate was applied. Field trials are recommended to examine the antagonism of Trichoderma sp. in real production conditions.
Keywords: Anthracnose, biological control, Colletotrichum capsici, Trichoderma sp.
References
Alka, Patil, R.K. & Prajapati, B.K. (2017). Effect of Trichoderma spp. and its culture filtrate antagonists on growth and management of Rhizopus rot of tomato fruit in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(4): 394-398.
Amin, F., Razdan, V.K., Mohiddin, F.A., Bhat, K. A. & Saba, B. (2010a). Potential of Trichoderma species as biocontrol agents of soil borne fungal propagules. Journal of Phytology, 2(10): 38-41.
Amin, F., Razdan, V.K., Mohiddin, F.A., Bhat, K.A. & Sheikh, P.A. (2010b). Effect of volatile metabolites of Trichoderma species against seven fungal plant pathogens in-vitro. Journal of Phytology, 2(10): 34-37.
Armando, N.G., Marfetán, J.A. & Folgarait, P. J. (2017). Trichoderma species associated with acromyrmex ant nests from Argentina and first report of Trichoderma lentiforme for the country. Darwiniana, 5(1): 72-82.
https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2017.51.724
Begum, M.M., Sariah, M., Abidin, Z.M.A., Puteh, A.B. & Rahman, M.A. (2008). Antagonistic potential of selected fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents against Colletotrichum truncatum of soybean seeds. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agriculture Science, 31: 45-53.
Begum, S. & Nath, P.S. (2015). Eco-friendly management of anthracnose of chilli caused by Colletotrichum capsici. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(1): 119 - 123.
https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.574
Benítez, T., Rincón, A.M., Limón, M.C. & Codón, A.C. (2004). Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains. International Microbiology, 7: 249-260.
Bharathi, R., Vivekananthan, R., Harish, S., Ramanathan, A. & Samiyappan, R. (2004). Rhizobacteria-based bio-formulations for the management of fruit rot infection in chillies. Crop Protection, 23(9): 835-843.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.007
Carvalho, D.D.C., Junior, M.L., Martins, I., Inglis, P.W. & Mello, S.C. (2014). Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli by Trichoderma harzianum and its use for common bean seed treatment. Tropical Plant Pathology, 39(5): 384-391.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-56762014000500005
Chernin, L. & Chet, I. (2002). Microbial enzymes in biocontrol of plant pathogens and pests, Marcel Dekker Incorporate, New York, N.Y., 171-225.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203904039.ch7
Choi, Y.W., Hyde, K.D., & Ho, W.W H. (1999). Single spore isolation of fungi. Fungal Diversity, 3: 29-38.
Cuervo-Parra, J.A., Ramírez-Suero, M., Sánchez-López, V. & Ramírez-Lepe, M. (2011). Antagonistic effect of Trichoderma harzianum VSL291 on phytopathogenic fungi isolated from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) fruits. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(52): 10657-10663.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.1333
Elad, Y. (2000). Biological control of foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action. Crop Protection, 19: 709-714.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00094-6
Hill, R.A., Ambrose, A., Sajali, N.A., Yatim, M., Valdez, R.B., Agbayani, F., Bungang, J., Minchin, R.F. & Stewart, A. (2010). Bioprotection of Acacia mangium using Trichoderma in Malaysia. Microbial Products: Exploiting microbial diversity for sustainable plant production (eds Zydenbos SM & Jackson TA). New Zealand Plant Protection Society Incorporated, 51-55.
Intana, W., Suwanno, T., Chamswarng, C., Chantrapromma, K. & Ngamriabsakul, C. (2007). Increased efficacy for controlling anthracnose of chili using antifungal metabolites from mutant strains of Trichoderma harzianum. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 40(1-2): 65-72.
Ippolito, A. & Nigro, F. (2000). Impact of preharvest application of biological control agents on postharvest diseases of fresh fruits and vegetables. Crop Protection, 19: 715-723.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00095-8
Karim, M.S.A., Rashid, S.S.A., Adzahan, N.M. & Camillo, A. A. (2011). Consumers' Perspective Towards Malaysian Traditional Food: Sambal Belacan (Chilli Shrimp Paste), A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Agribusiness Marketing, 4: 68-92.
Kim, H.J., Lee, E.J., Park, S.H., Lee, H.S. & Chung, N. (2014). Biological control of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) in pepper and cherry tomato by Streptomyces sp. A1022. Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(2): 54.
https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v6n2p54
Kinkel, L.L. & Lindow, S.E. (1997). Microbial competition and plant disease biocontrol. In: Andow, D. A., Ragsdale, D. W., Nyvall, R. F. (Eds.), Ecological Interaction and Biological Control. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, 128-138.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429041686-7
Liu, F., Tang, G., Zheng, X., Li, Y., Sun, X., Qi, X., Zhou, Y., Xu, J., Chen, H., Chang, X. & Zhang, S. (2016). Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose disease in peppers from Sichuan Province, China. Scientific Reports, 6: 32761.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32761
Montri, P., Taylor, P.W.J. & Mongkolporn, O. (2009). Pathotypes of Colletotrichum capsici, the causal agent of chili anthracnose, in Thailand. Plant Disease, 93: 17-20. Muthukumar, A., Eswaran, A. & Sanjeevkumas, K. (2011). Exploitation of Trichoderma species on the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum in chilli. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 42: 1598-1607. Naipagropediaraichur. (2012). Chilli Anthracnose. Retrieved August 24, 2017 from http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/chilli -anthracnose
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-1-0017
Nantawanit, N., Chanchaichaovivat, A., Panijpan, B. & Ruenwongsa, P. (2010). Induction of defense response against Colletotrichum capsici in chili fruit by the yeast Pichi guilliermondii strain R13. Biological Control, 52: 145-152.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.10.011
Ngullie, M., Daiho, L. & Upadhyay, D.N. (2010). Biological management of fruit rot in the world's hottest chilli (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Journal of Plant Protection Research, 50(3): 269-273.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0047-8
Padder, B.A. & Sharma, P.N. (2011). In vitro and in vivo antagonism of biocontrol agents against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum causing bean anthracnose. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Proctection, 44(10): 961-969.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03235400903460619
Palaniyandi, S.A., Yang, S.H. & Suh, J.W. (2013). Extracellular proteases from Streptomyces phaeopurpureus ExPro138 inhibit spore adhesion, germination and appressorium formation in Colletotrichum coccodes. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 115: 207-217.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12212
Pandey K.K. & Pandey P.K. (2003). Survey and surveillance of vegetable growing areas for prevalence of major diseases. Journal of Vegetation Science, 30(20): 128-134.
Pandey, S., Srivastava, M., Shahid, M., Kumar, V., Singh, A., Trivedi, S. & Srivastava, Y.K. (2015). Trichoderma species cellulases produced by solid state fermentation. Journal of Data Mining in Genomics & Proteomics, 6(2): 170.
Rahman, AM., Rahman, M. M., Azad, K.A. & Alam, F.M. (2011). Inhibitory effect of different plant extracts and antifungal metabolites of Trichoderma strains on the conidial germination and germ tube growth of Colletotrichum capsici causing chili anthracnose. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research, 1(1): 20-28.
Rahman, M.A., Rahman, M.M., Kamruzzaman, M., Begum, M.F. & Alam, M.F. (2012). Use of culture filtrates of Trichoderma strains as a biological control agent against Colletotrichum capsic i causing anthracnose fruit rot disease of chili. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 2(1): 9-18.
Rahman, M.A., Razvy, M.A. & Alam, M.F. (2013). Antagonistic activities of Trichoderma strains against chili anthracnose pathogen. International Journal of Microbiology and Mycology, 1(1): 7-22.
Ratanacherdchai, K., Wang, H.K., Lin, F.C. & Soytong, K. (2010). ISSR for comparison of cross-inoculation potential of Colletotrichum capsici causing chilli anthracnose. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(1): 76-83.
Rosli, N.A. (2017). Antimicrobial properties of Manihot esculenta, Cymbopogon citratus and Mentha piperita against crop pathogens. (Doctoral dissertation, UNIMAS).
Sangdee, A., Sachan, S. & Khankhum, S. (2011). Morphological, pathological and molecular variability of Colletotrichum capsici causing anthracnose of chilli in the North-east of Thailand. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(25): 4368-4372.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.476
Sawant, I.S. (2014). Trichoderma- foliar pathogen interactions. The Open Mycology Journal, 8: 58-70.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874437001408010058
Saxena, A., Raghuwanshi, R., Gupta, V.K. & Singh, H. B. (2016). Chilli Anthracnose: The Epidemiology and Management. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7: 1527.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01527
Shah, S., Nasreen, S. & Sheikh, P.A. (2012). Cultural and morphological characterization of Trichoderma spp. associated with green mold disease of Pleurotus spp. in Kashmir. Research Journal of Microbiology, 7(2): 139-144.
https://doi.org/10.3923/jm.2012.139.144
Shahbazi, P., Musa, M.Y., Tan, G.Y.A., Avin, F. A., Teo, W.F.A. & Sabaratnam, V. (2014). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Streptomyces suppressions against anthracnose in chili caused by Colletotrichum. Sains Malaysiana, 43(5): 697-705.
Shenoy, B.D., Jeewon, R., Lam, W.H., Bhat, D. J., Than, P.P., Taylor, P.W.J. & Hyde, K.D. (2007). Morpho-molecular characterization and epitypification of Colletotrichum capsici (Glomerellaceae, Sordariomycetes), the
causative agent of anthracnose in chilli. Fungal Diversity, 27: 197-211.
Shi, M., Chen, L., Wang, X. W., Zhang, T., Zhao, P.B., Song, X.Y., Sun, C.Y., Chen, X.L., Zhou, B.C. & Zhang, Y.Z. (2012). Antimicrobial peptaibols from Trichoderma pseudokoningii induce programmed cell death in plant fungal pathogens. Microbiology, 158: 167-175.
https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.052670-0
Than, P.P., Prihastuti, H., Phoulivong, S., Taylor, P.W. & Hyde, K.D. (2008a). Chilli anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 9(10): 764-778.
https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0860007
Than, P.P., Jeewon, R., Hyde, K.D., Pongsupasamit, S., Mongkolporn, O. & Taylor, P.W.J. (2008b). Characterization and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose disease on chilli (Capsicum spp.) in Thailand. Plant Pathology, 57(3): 562-572.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01782.x
Vasanthakumari, M.M. & Shivanna, M.B. (2014). Biological control of sorghum anthracnose with rhizosphere and rhizoplane fungal isolates from perennial grasses of the Western Ghats of India. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 139: 721-733.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0425-6
Verma, M., Brar, S.K., Tyagi, R.D., Surampalli, R.Y. & Valero, J.R. (2007). Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 37(1): 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2007.05.012
Vinale, F., Sivasithamparam, K., Ghisalberti, E. L., Woo1, S. L., Nigro, M., Marra, R., Lombardi, N., Pascale, A., Ruocco, M., Lanzuise, S., Manganiello, G. & Lorito, M. (2014). Trichoderma secondary metabolites active on plants and fungal pathogens. The Open Mycology Journal, 8, (Suppl-1, M5): 127-139.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874437001408010127
Waterhouse, G.M. (1968). The genus Pythium Pringsheim. Mycological Papers, 110: 1-50.
Williams, C.N., Uzo, J.O. & Peregrine, W.T.H. (1991). Vegetable Production in the Tropics. England: Longman Scientific & Technical. P 179.
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
