Sustainable Activated Carbon Production via Microwave for Wastewater Treatment: A Comparative Review
Abstract
This is an era where the application of adsorption and usage of activated carbons (AC) are considered as mainstream water treatments. The upgrade of these materials may only be through its preparation methods, where most researchers have transitioned from using the conventional furnace methods to using microwave ovens. Derived from various precursors, ACs can be the key in developing numerous environmental applications. This paper reviews the development of production processes of AC from various precursors in the past decades by microwave heating. The importance of the applied methodology and how activating conditions play an influential role, such as carbonisation temperature, activation time, and impregnation ratio are also outlined in this review. From the review of AC production processes, ACs produced from various precursors by chemical method with microwave heating have shown to be the significant factor in developing ACs with relatively higher surface area compared to conventional heating ACs.
References
Abbas, A.F. & Ahmed, M.J. (2016). Mesoporous activated carbon from date stones (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by one-step microwave assisted K2CO3 pyrolysis. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 9: 201-207.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2016.01.004
Abioye, A.M. & Ani, F.N. (2017). Advancement in the production of activated carbon from biomass using microwave heating, Jurnal Teknologi. 7: 1-10.
Allen, S.J., Whitten, L.J., Murray, M., Duggan, O. & Brown, P. (1997). The adsorption of pollutants by peat, lignite and activated chars. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental and Clean Technology, 68: 442-452.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199704)68:4<442::AID-JCTB643>3.0.CO;2-2
Alslaibi, T.M., Abustan, I., Ahmad, M.A. & Foul, A.A. (2013). Cadmium removal from aqueous solution
using microwaved olive stone activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 1: 589-599.
Ania, C.O., Parra, J.B., Menéndez, J.A. & Pis, J.J. (2005). Effect of microwave and conventional regeneration on the microporous and mesoporous network and on the adsorptive capacity of activated carbons. Microporous Mesoporous Materials, 85: 7-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.06.013
Anik, M. & Cansizoglu, T. (2006). Dissolution kinetics of WO3 in acidic solutions. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 36: 603-608.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-006-9113-3
Das, D., Samal, D.P. and Meikap, B.C. (2015). Preparation of activated carbon from green coconut shell and its characterization. Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology, 6: 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7048.1000248
Deng, H., Li, G., Yang, H., Tang, J. & Tang, J. (2010). Preparation of activated carbons from cotton stalk by microwave assisted KOH and K2CO activation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 163: 373-381.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.019
Duan, X., Srinivasakannan, C., Wang, X., Wang, F. & Liu, X. (2017). Synthesis of activated carbon fibers from cotton by microwave induced H3PO4 activation. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 70: 374-381.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.10.036
Emami, Z. & Azizian, S. (2014). Preparation of activated carbon from date sphate using microwave irradiation and investigation of its capability for removal of dye pollutant from aqueous media. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 108: 176-184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.002
Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2012). Coconut husk derived activated carbon via microwave induced activation: Effects of activation agents, preparation parameters and adsorption performance. Chemical Engineering Journal, 184: 57-65.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.084
Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2011a). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pistachio nut shells via microwave-induced chemical activation. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35: 3257-3261.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.023
Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2011b). Utilization of rice husks as a feedstock for preparation of activated carbon by microwave induced KOH and K2CO3 activation. Bioresource Technology, 102: 9814-9817.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.102
Foo, K.Y., Lee, L.K. & Hameed, B.H. (2013a). Preparation of banana frond activated carbon by microwave induced activation for the removal of boron and total iron from landfill leachate. Chemical Engineering Journal, 223: 604-610.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.009
Foo, K.Y., Lee, L.K. & Hameed, B.H. (2013b). Preparation of activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse by microwave assisted activation for the remediation of semi-aerobic landfill leachate. Bioresource Technology, 134: 166-172.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.139
Fu, Y., Shen, Y., Zhang, Z., Ge, X. & Chen, M. (2019). Activated bio-chars derived from rice husk via one- and two-step KOH-catalyzed pyrolysis for phenol adsorption. Science of the Total Environment, 646: 1567-1577.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.423
Ghani, Z.A., Yusoff, M.S., Zaman, N.Q., Zamri, M.F.M.A. & Andas, J. (2017). Optimization of preparation conditions for activated carbon from banana pseudo-stem using response surface methodology on removal of color and COD from landfill leachate. Waste Management, 62: 177-187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.026
Haque, K.E. (1999). Microwave energy for mineral treatment processes-a brief review. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 57: 1-24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-7516(99)00009-5
Hegazi, H.A. (2013). Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using agricultural and industrial wastes as adsorbents. HBRC Journal, 9: 276-282.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.08.004
Keey, R., Nai, P., Yek, Y., Yi, X., Kui, C. & Ng, J. (2018). Microwave pyrolysis with KOH/NaOH mixture activation: A new approach to produce
micro-mesoporous activated carbon for textile dye adsorption. Bioresource Technology, 266: 1-10.
Lam, S.S., Liew, R.K., Wong, Y.M., Yek, P.N.Y., Ma, N.L., Lee, C.L. & Chase, H.A. (2017). Microwave-assisted pyrolysis with chemical activation, an innovative method to convert orange peel into activated carbon with improved properties as dye adsorbent. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162: 1376-1387.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.131
Li, W., Zhang, L., Peng, J., Li, N. & Zhu, X. (2007). Preparation of high surface area activated carbons from tobacco stems with K2CO3 activation using microwave radiation. Industrial Crops Production, 7: 341-347.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.11.011
Liu, Q.S., Zheng, T., Wang, P. & Guo, L. (2010). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation. Industrial Crops Production, 31: 233-238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.011
Mahari, W.A.W., Zainuddin, N.F., Chong, C.T., Lee, C.L., Lam, W.H., Poh, S.C. & Lam, S.S. (2017). Conversion of waste shipping oil into diesel-like oil via microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5: 5836-5842.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.11.005
Maldhure, A.V. & Ekhe, J.D. (2011). Preparation and characterizations of microwave assisted activated carbons from industrial waste lignin for Cu(II) sorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 168: 1103-1111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.091
Menéndez, J.A., Arenillas, A., Fidalgo, B., Fernández, Y., Zubizarreta, L., Calvo, E.G. & Bermúdez, J.M. (2010). Microwave heating processes involving carbon materials. Fuel Processing Technology, 91: 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.08.021
Metaxas, A.C. (1991). Microwave heating. Power Engineering Journal, 5: 237-247.
https://doi.org/10.1049/pe:19910047
Njoku, V.O., Foo, K.Y., Asif, M. & Hameed, B.H. (2014). Preparation of activated carbons from rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel by microwave-induced KOH activation for acid yellow 17 dye adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 250: 198-204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.115
Ramdane, N., Bouchelta, C., Marsa, Z., Salah, M.M. & Magri, P. (2016). Production of activated carbon from apple waste prepared under N2/microwave radiations. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 8: 617-627.
Saka, C. (2018). BET, TG - DTG , FT-IR , SEM , iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 95: 21-24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.020
Saleem, J., Shahid, U.B., Hijab, M., Mackey, H. & McKay, G., 2019. Production and applications of activated carbons as adsorbents from olive stones. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 9: 1-28.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00473-7
Salema, A.A. & Ani, F.N., 2011. Microwave induced pyrolysis of oil palm biomass. Bioresource Technology, 102: 3388-3395.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.115
Shiung, S., Keey, R., Jusoh, A., Tung, C., Nasir, F. & Chase, H.A. (2016). Progress in waste oil to sustainable energy, with emphasis on pyrolysis techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53: 741-753.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.005
Xia, Y., Yao, Q., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y. & Zhao, M. (2015). Comparative adsorption of methylene blue by magnetic baker's yeast and EDTAD-modified magnetic baker's yeast: equilibrium and kinetic study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 128(8): 2448-2456.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.03.010
Xie, Z., Guan, W., Ji, F., Song, Z. & Zhao, Y. (2014). Production of biologically activated carbon from orange peel and landfill leachate subsequent treatment technology. Journal of Chemistry, 2014: Article ID 491912, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2014/491912
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/491912
Yakout, S.M. & Sharaf El-Deen, G. (2016). Characterization of activated carbon prepared by phosphoric acid activation of olive stones. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9: S1155-S1162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.12.002
Yang, D., Jiang, L., Yang, S. & Wei, S. (2017). Experimental Study on Preparation of Straw Activated Carbon by Microwave Heating. Procedia Engineering, 205: 3538-3544.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.923
Yang, K., Peng, J., Srinivasakannan, C., Zhang, L., Xia, H. & Duan, X. (2010). Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from coconut shells using microwave heating. Bioresource Technology, 101: 6163-6169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.001
Yao, S., Zhang, J., Shen, D., Xiao, R., Gu, S., Zhao, M., & Liang, J. (2016). Removal of Pb(II) from water by the activated carbon modified by nitric acid under microwave heating. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 463: 118-127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.10.047
Yek, P.N.Y., Liew, R.K., Osman, M.S., Lee, C.L., Chuah, J.H., Park, Y.K. & Lam, S.S. (2019). Microwave steam activation, an innovative pyrolysis approach to convert waste palm shell into highly microporous activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Management, 236: 245-253.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.010
Yuen, F.K. & Hameed, B.H. (2009). Recent developments in the preparation and regeneration of activated carbons by microwaves. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 149: 19-27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.12.005
Zhang, S., Liu, S., Yu, D., Wang, C. & Li, Q. (2014). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon for separation of CO2. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 43: 910-914.
Zhang, X. & Hayward, D.O. (2006). Applications of microwave dielectric heating in environment-related heterogeneous gas-phase catalytic systems. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 359: 3421-3433.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2006.01.037
Zhong, Z.Y., Yang, Q., Li, X.M., Luo, K., Liu, Y. & Zeng, G.M. (2012). Preparation of peanut hull-based activated carbon by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation and its application in Remazol Brilliant Blue R adsorption. Industrial Crops Production, 37: 178-185.
Copyright (c) 2020 Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright Transfer Statement for Journal
1) In signing this statement, the author(s) grant UNIMAS Publisher an exclusive license to publish their original research papers. The author(s) also grant UNIMAS Publisher permission to reproduce, recreate, translate, extract or summarize, and to distribute and display in any forms, formats, and media. The author(s) can reuse their papers in their future printed work without first requiring permission from UNIMAS Publisher, provided that the author(s) acknowledge and reference publication in the Journal.
2) For open access articles, the author(s) agree that their articles published under UNIMAS Publisher are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work of the author(s) is properly cited.
3) For subscription articles, the author(s) agree that UNIMAS Publisher holds copyright, or an exclusive license to publish. Readers or users may view, download, print, and copy the content, for academic purposes, subject to the following conditions of use: (a) any reuse of materials is subject to permission from UNIMAS Publisher; (b) archived materials may only be used for academic research; (c) archived materials may not be used for commercial purposes, which include but not limited to monetary compensation by means of sale, resale, license, transfer of copyright, loan, etc.; and (d) archived materials may not be re-published in any part, either in print or online.
4) The author(s) is/are responsible to ensure his or her or their submitted work is original and does not infringe any existing copyright, trademark, patent, statutory right, or propriety right of others. Corresponding author(s) has (have) obtained permission from all co-authors prior to submission to the journal. Upon submission of the manuscript, the author(s) agree that no similar work has been or will be submitted or published elsewhere in any language. If submitted manuscript includes materials from others, the authors have obtained the permission from the copyright owners.
5) In signing this statement, the author(s) declare(s) that the researches in which they have conducted are in compliance with the current laws of the respective country and UNIMAS Journal Publication Ethics Policy. Any experimentation or research involving human or the use of animal samples must obtain approval from Human or Animal Ethics Committee in their respective institutions. The author(s) agree and understand that UNIMAS Publisher is not responsible for any compensational claims or failure caused by the author(s) in fulfilling the above-mentioned requirements. The author(s) must accept the responsibility for releasing their materials upon request by Chief Editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
6) The author(s) should have participated sufficiently in the work and ensured the appropriateness of the content of the article. The author(s) should also agree that he or she has no commercial attachments (e.g. patent or license arrangement, equity interest, consultancies, etc.) that might pose any conflict of interest with the submitted manuscript. The author(s) also agree to make any relevant materials and data available upon request by the editor or UNIMAS Publisher.
